Posted: February 9th, 2022

Congenital heart disease (CHD)

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a term that refers to a variety of structural abnormalities in the heart that are present at birth. CHD can affect the heart walls, valves, or blood vessels, and can cause problems with the flow of blood through the heart and the rest of the body. CHD is one of the most common birth defects, affecting about 1 in 100 newborns in the United States. Some types of CHD are mild and may not cause any symptoms, while others are more complex and can lead to serious complications or even death.

Types of Congenital Heart Disease

There are many different types of CHD, but they can be broadly classified into two categories: cyanotic and acyanotic. Cyanotic CHD means that the blood has low levels of oxygen due to a defect in the heart or lungs. This can cause the skin, lips, or nails to appear bluish in color. Acyanotic CHD means that the blood has normal levels of oxygen, but there is still a problem with the heart’s structure or function.

Some examples of cyanotic CHD are:

– Tetralogy of Fallot: This is a combination of four defects: a large hole between the lower chambers of the heart (ventricular septal defect), a narrowing of the valve or artery that connects the right ventricle to the lungs (pulmonary stenosis), a displacement of the main artery that carries blood from the heart to the body (aorta) over the ventricular septal defect, and a thickening of the right ventricular wall (right ventricular hypertrophy).
– Transposition of the great arteries: This is when the two main arteries that carry blood from the heart to the lungs and the body are switched. This means that oxygen-poor blood goes to the body and oxygen-rich blood goes to the lungs, instead of the other way around.
– Tricuspid atresia: This is when the valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle is missing or blocked. This prevents blood from flowing from the right atrium to the right ventricle, and forces it to go through a hole in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defect) to reach the left side of the heart.
– Total anomalous pulmonary venous return: This is when the veins that bring oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart do not connect to the left atrium as they should, but instead connect to another vein or chamber.

Some examples of acyanotic CHD are:

– Atrial septal defect: This is a hole in the wall between the upper chambers of the heart (atria). This allows some oxygen-rich blood to flow from the left atrium to the right atrium, instead of going to the body.
– Ventricular septal defect: This is a hole in the wall between the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles). This allows some oxygen-rich blood to flow from
the left ventricle to the right ventricle, instead of going to
the body.
– Patent ductus arteriosus: This is a persistent opening between
the aorta and
the pulmonary artery, two large blood vessels that branch off from
the heart. This opening is normal before birth, but should close soon after. If it remains open, it allows some oxygen-rich blood to flow from
the aorta to
the pulmonary artery, instead of going to
the body.
– Coarctation of
the aorta: This is a narrowing of
the aorta, which reduces
the amount of blood that can flow to
the lower part of
the body.

Causes and Risk Factors of Congenital Heart Disease

The exact causes of CHD are not fully understood, but they are likely due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some possible risk factors include:

– Having a family history of CHD or other genetic conditions that affect
the heart, such as Down syndrome or Marfan syndrome.
– Having certain infections during pregnancy, such as rubella or cytomegalovirus.
– Having certain chronic diseases during pregnancy, such as diabetes or lupus.
– Taking certain medications or substances during pregnancy, such as alcohol, tobacco, or drugs like isotretinoin or lithium.
– Being exposed to certain environmental toxins during pregnancy, such as radiation or chemicals.

Complications and Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease

CHD can cause various complications depending on
the type and severity of
the defect. Some possible complications include:

– Arrhythmias: These are abnormal heart rhythms that can affect
the efficiency and safety of
the heart’s pumping action.
– Endocarditis: This is an infection of
the inner lining of
the heart or valves that can damage
the heart tissue and cause serious complications.
– Stroke: This is when a blood clot or a piece of plaque breaks off and blocks a blood vessel in
the brain, depriving it of oxygen and causing brain damage.
– Heart failure: This is when
the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet
the body’s needs, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling.
– Pulmonary hypertension: This is high blood pressure in
the lungs that can strain
the right side of
the heart and cause heart failure.
– Heart valve problems: These are when
the valves that regulate blood flow through
the heart become leaky or stiff, affecting
the heart’s function and causing symptoms such as chest pain, palpitations, or fainting.

The treatment of CHD depends on
the type and severity of
the defect, as well as
the age and overall health of
the patient. Some types of CHD may not require any treatment, while others may require medication, surgery, or other procedures. Some common treatments include:

– Medication: These are drugs that can help control symptoms or prevent complications, such as blood pressure medications, anticoagulants, or antiarrhythmics.
– Catheterization: This is a minimally invasive procedure that involves inserting a thin tube (catheter) into a blood vessel and guiding it to
the heart using X-ray images. The catheter can then be used to repair certain defects, such as closing a hole or widening a valve or artery.
– Open heart surgery: This is a major operation that involves opening the chest and stopping the heart temporarily to repair the defect. This may involve using patches, artificial valves, or grafts to correct the problem.
– Heart transplant: This is a procedure that involves replacing the defective heart with a healthy one from a donor. This is usually reserved for cases where the heart cannot be repaired or is severely damaged.

Living with Congenital Heart Disease

People with CHD need lifelong medical care and follow-up. They should have regular checkups with their cardiologist (heart specialist) and other health care providers to monitor their condition and adjust their treatment as needed. They should also adopt a healthy lifestyle that includes:

– Eating a balanced diet that is low in salt, fat, and cholesterol.
– Getting regular physical activity that is appropriate for their condition and approved by their doctor.
– Avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol intake.
– Managing stress and getting enough sleep.
– Taking their medications as prescribed and following their doctor’s instructions.
– Seeking emergency medical attention if they experience any worrisome symptoms, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or fainting.

People with CHD may also face emotional and social challenges, such as coping with anxiety, depression, or low self-esteem. They may also have difficulties with school, work, or relationships. They should seek support from their family, friends, or professional counselors if they need help. They may also benefit from joining a support group or an organization for people with CHD.

Conclusion

Congenital heart disease is a common birth defect that affects the structure and function of the heart. It can cause various symptoms and complications depending on the type and severity of the defect. It can be diagnosed before or after birth using various tests and imaging techniques. It can be treated with medication, surgery, or other procedures depending on the case. People with CHD need lifelong medical care and follow-up to monitor their condition and prevent further problems. They should also adopt a healthy lifestyle and seek support if they need it.

Works Cited

“Congenital Heart Disease: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment.” Healthline.com. Healthline Media,
n.d. Web. 9 Jan. 2024.

“Congenital Heart Disease in Adults – Symptoms and Causes.” Mayoclinic.org. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research,
n.d. Web. 9 Jan. 2024.

“What Is Congenital Heart Disease?” Msn.com. Microsoft Corporation,
n.d. Web. 9 Jan. 2024.

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