Posted: September 18th, 2022

Discrimination in Healthcare, gender, and Race

Assignment 15: Policy Alternatives
Answer the following questions in your own words. Explain fully.
NUTSHELL 15.1 Which Organizations Address Social Inequality? There are a number of organizations
whose central purpose is to address issues of exclusion and inequality. For those looking to make a
difference, connecting with these organizations would be a good place to start. American Civil Liberties
Union (ACLU) (www.aclu.org/) The ACLU is a nonprofit whose main purpose is to “defend and preserve
the individual rights and liberties guaranteed by the Constitution and laws of the United States.” It is a
non-partisan organization, having taken action against both Republican and Democratic administrations.
They focus on several civil rights and personal liberty issues, such as criminal justice reform, free speech,
disability rights, immigrants’ rights, juvenile justice, LGBT rights, national security, privacy, racial justice,
religious liberty, voting rights, and reproductive freedom. Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)
(www.splcenter.org/) The SPLC uses “litigation, education, and other forms of advocacy” to combat
bigotry and defend marginalized communities. They are well known for monitoring the spread and
actions of hate groups through the “Extremist Files” and the “Hate Map.” The organization also provides
resources such as teaching kits to educators who wish to make their schools and other institutions more
equitable, as well as resources for the educators themselves to learn how to promote justice in these
institutions. National Organization for Women (NOW) (https://now.org) Dedicated to “achieving full
equality for women through education and litigation,” NOW was established at the height of the
second-wave Women’s Movement. The organization’s concerns include focusing on issues of economic
justice, discrimination, reproduction, LGBTQ rights, women’s health and body images, and issues facing
women globally. American Immigration Council (AIC) (www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/) The AIC is
a nonprofit that defends the rights of American immigrants through “research and policy analysis,
litigation and communications, and international exchange.” The organization believes that all people
have the right to a fair chance at legal immigration, and that the United States should welcome those in
search of safety and greater opportunity. ProPublica (www.propublica.org/) ProPublica is an
independent, nonprofit newsroom that publishes investigative journalism on matters of public interest,
with a focus on issues of politics, criminal justice, education, and technology. Pro-Publica’s mission is “to
expose abuses of power and betrayals of the public trust by government, business, and other
institutions, using the moral force of investigative journalism to spur reform through the sustained
spotlighting of wrongdoing.” New Leaders Council (www.newleaderscouncil.org/) New Leaders Council
provides training and education to young people to equip them with the tools necessary to create
significant change. Their six-month training program prepares participants to “run for office, manage
campaigns, create start-ups and networks of thought leaders” with the hope that they will take these
skills back to their communities. The organization has 50 chapters across the country. The Voting Rights
Expansion Act, H.R. 2978; S1419 was introduced to the House and the Senate in 2017 by Democratic
representative Terri Sewell and Democratic Senator Patrick Leahy. This bill would require that all voting
changes happen at least 180 days before an election, ensuring that last-minute changes do not harm the
ability of people to vote. The bill would also increase federal oversight of the local and state election
process via the expanded use of federal observers and would add specific measures to improve the
voting rights for Native Americans and Alaskan Natives (Human Rights Campaign, 2018). Summary This
chapter has presented a number of different kinds of policies aimed at reducing inequality. They fall into
several different categories: policies that redistribute income or wealth, those that help people build
assets for a more successful future, those that address spatial inequality, and those that increase
political representation. The list of policies we came up with is just a beginning, however, because there
are many other exciting ideas that we were not able to include. As you reach the end of this book, know
that you have the tools to explore issues of inequality on your own. Among many other possibilities, you
can do this through working with some of the organizations listed in Nutshell 15.1, through voting, or
through engaging in research about some aspect of inequality
1. Which of the solutions provided above makes most sense to you? Why?
2. What kinds of solutions haven’t we talked about that would be important?
3. Do you think the burden of solving problems of inequality should rest with the government or
should they be market based solutions?

Discrimination in Healthcare, gender, and Race
Currently, cases of inequalities in race, class, and gender have been adopted increasingly in most communities. Discrimination can occur due to personal differences such as gender, socioeconomic factors, and way of living. Sexism inequalities can be interpreted using education levels where different levels of education contribute differently to both hostile and benevolent sexism. Comparing the gender agreement to the hostile sexism statements, most women disagree with the statements made. Women having a postgraduate degree disagree the most on statements concerning hostile sexism compared to women with a high school degree. This approach shows that women with higher education levels understand the hostile sexism the most and have their reasons for disagreeing with the information. On the other hand, women with low education literacy tend to have higher points on the scale of hostile sexism. Interpreting the information, women with low education levels have less information on hostile sexism.
The information provided shows that men scored higher points compared to women. The contribution of hostile sexism was scored highest in men, especially those with a high school degree. The trends show that education levels contribute to the hostile sexism that occurs to decrease as you increase education levels. Exposure to higher education affects the viewpoint of hostile sexism in both genders. However, women tend to disagree mostly with the statements made concerning hostile sexism (Firat, 2020, p. 77). The fact that hostile sexism has an unfriendly belief that people of one gender have inherent superiority to others brings a misunderstanding to both genders. All genders should be treated fairly and with the same respect. However, in most communities, men are reflected to have more power over women and treat women with force and power. This approach can cause discrimination even in workplaces where women can be denied topmost seats because it is believed that they cannot lead an organization.
The benevolent sexism trend has a slight difference based on sex and education. Both men and women almost have the same approach on a statement made on benevolent sexism, which tends to decrease as the education levels increase. Both women and men provide identical scores across all levels of education. Benevolent sexism has little effect on a particular gender. Americans tend to agree with the statements designed concerning this sexism which tends to have the largest contribution in most communities. However, in future elections, sexism can significantly gap between men and women with increasing education. Education has been identified as the most contributing factor in agreeing with both hostile and benevolent sexism statements. When individuals increase their education levels, their approach to sexism changes creating a great gap with the democratic statements.
Discrimination has been identified in the healthcare sector, where health disparities are common, especially to the minority groups and disadvantaged people. Factors such as income, education, race, and socioeconomic status cause health disparities among individuals. People will high living standards enjoy longer live expectancies with low mortality since they can afford quality healthcare compared to a middle household with low living standards. Rich people seek healthcare services for advanced health performances and not to get treated. In the United States, most individuals use health insurance for their health performances which mainly contributes to half of the diseases. Some other illnesses which cannot be covered using insurance cover force the patients to pay the healthcare costs. This approach has affected the disadvantaged and middle to low households who find it challenging to raise the money for their healthcare.
For instance, the current COVID 19 pandemic has a significant impact on discrimination and inequality in many societies. Rich and people with high social classes can easily access the testing and vaccines for the virus compared to the middle and minority groups. Social determinants such as social class and race are the most common factors determining whether an individual will be sick or healthy. Most patients with chronic illnesses such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases and lack access to healthcare services experience difficult times since they cope with their situation at their home with no help. The COVID 19 virus affects every individual regardless of their social status (Firat, 2020, p. 79). However, most individuals who can access healthcare services on the virus are only those with the high social status class since the services are limited and expensive. Healthcare inequalities should be addressed to ensure that all patients can access healthcare services reasonably. Healthcare providers advocate for patients’ health performances, and this issue should not be an exception.
Discrimination could occur mostly in middle-status and low-status individuals if they got infected with infections. An individual can be discriminated against mostly if they have the COVID-19 virus by the community. Statistics show that argentic value or the less discriminated population functions as the mental resource for disadvantaged communities. When the population is less discriminated, they function as the enhancement value where the population has hope and can make changes in their lives. Racisms and women of color are discriminated against mostly in healthcare communities where they are not given fair healthcare services such as maternal care. Medical interventions are also not distributed relatively among women of color and white Americans. The issue of discrimination should be addressed by ensuring all populations get equal shares and all resources are distributed fairly.

References
Firat, R. B. (2020). COVID-19, agency, and communities of color. Contexts, 19(4), 77-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536504220977945

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