Posted: August 24th, 2022

Metaplasia: mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type.

Cell & Tissue Function/Dysfunction
Atrophy: decrease in size of cells.
Hypertrophy: increase in cell size.
Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells.
Metaplasia: mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type.
Dysplasia: cells vary in size & shape within a tissue.
Anaplasia: undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear & cell structure.
Neoplasm: tumor.
Cell Damage
Ischemia: oxygen deficit due to respiratory or circulatory problems.
Hypoxia: reduced oxygen in tissue.
Oxygen Deficit: decreased energy production, loss of Na pump ↑ intracellular Na.
Temperature: inactivation of some enzymes, damages organelles, protein coagulation, disruption of cell membrane.
Micro-organisms
Abnormal Metabolites: caused by genetic disorders or altered metabolism.
Nutritional Deficits
Cell Death
Apoptosis:programmed cell death controlled by genetics.
Necrosis:lysis of a cell, cell components leak into blood.
Liquification:dead cells liquefy due to release of enzymes.
Coagulation:cell proteins are altered or denatured causing coagulation.
Caseous:form of coagulation necrosis, thick, yellowish, cheesy.
Fat: fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids.
Tissue Damage from Chemicals
Exogenous: from environment.
Endogenous: from inside the body,
Tissue Damage from Physical Agents
Hypothermia: vasoconstriction, ↑ blood viscosity, hypovolemic shock ↓ blood pressure.
Hyperthermia: causes general vasodilatation, decrease in circulating blood volume.
Radiation: primarily affects actively dividing cells
Biological Agents
Insects/Animals: direct injection of toxin, transmission of infectious agent, allergic reaction to insect proteins.
Food Poisoning
Normal Defenses of the Body
1st Line Defense
Physical Barriers: unbroken skin, mucous membranes, nasal hair, clots.
Fluids: may contain enzymes or chemicals:saliva, tears, gastric, sweat.
2nd Line Defense-non-specific
Phagocytosis:neutrophils & macrophages engulf cells, debris, foreign mat.
Inflammation: automatic response to cell injury.
3rd Line Defense-specific defense produced by
Antibodies
Cell Mediated Immunity
Cellular Defenses
Mast Cells: located in tissue & release histamine & bradykinin.
Macrophages: monocytes that enter tissue & act as phagocytes.
Interferons: small proteins made by lymphocytes to prevent virus replication.
White Blood Cells
Granulocytes
Neutrophils: work by phagocytosis.
Basophils: release histamine leading to inflammation.
Eosinophils:combat the effects of histamine.
Agranulocytes
Monocytes:can enter tissue to become macrophages which function as phagocyte.
Lymphocytes: B & T
Acute Inflammation
Vascular Response: vasodilatation & increased capillary permeability.
Cellular Response: migration of inflammatory cells through chemotaxis to injury site to destroy ineffective organism, remove damaged cells, released inflammation mediators.
Exudate
Serous: watery, mostly fluids, some proteins and WBC’s.
Fibrinous: thick, sticky, high fibrin content.
Purulent: thick, yellow-green, contains leukocytes, cell debris & microorganisms.
Abscess: Pocket of purulent exudates or pus in a solid tissue.

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Function/Dysfunction of Cells and Tissues
Cell atrophy refers to a reduction in cell size.

Hypertrophy is defined as an increase in cell size.

Hyperplasia is defined as a rise in the number of cells.

Metaplasia occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by another mature cell type.

Dysplasia occurs when cells inside a tissue vary in size and form.

Anaplasia is characterized by undifferentiated cells with varying nuclear and cell structure.

Tumor: a neoplasm.

Cellular Damage

Ischemia is a lack of oxygen caused by respiratory or circulatory issues.

Hypoxia: reduced oxygen in tissue.

Oxygen Deficit: decreased energy production, loss of Na pump ↑ intracellular Na.

Temperature: inactivation of some enzymes, damages organelles, protein coagulation, disruption of cell membrane.

Micro-organisms

Abnormal Metabolites: caused by genetic disorders or altered metabolism.

Nutritional Deficits

Cell Death

Apoptosis:programmed cell death controlled by genetics.

Necrosis:lysis of a cell, cell components leak into blood.

Liquification:dead cells liquefy due to

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