Posted: May 12th, 2022

Relationship Between Business Objectives Information Technology Essay

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1.0 Introduction

Project management can be said to have been around for as long as human beings evolved sufficiently to plan before starting out on a task. However, it is only in the last few decades that literature on project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) management has increased. As project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s become important contributors to the overall process of strategic management, efficient project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) management has grown in importance. This is because efficient project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) management greatly helps to ensure the success of a project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees).

2.0 Business Objectives, Programmes and Information Systems Projects

Kersner (2006) gives a clear overall picture of the relationship between project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) management, business objectives, and systems management. Project management can be considered to be applied systems management.

The rapid progress of technology means that today no organisation is isolated; every organisation employs technology in some form of the other. Similarly, the changes implemented in an organisation also incorporate or rely on technology more than ever. Changes in organisations are generally implemented in the form of project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s. For example, an organisation may wish to computerise its records, and this process can be done as a project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees), with set goals and time frames; an organisation may wish to add capability, such as offering customers new facilities (eg. tracking their order status). New facilities are also often implemented with the help of technology. Hence a large proportion of project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s that are undertaken today can be classified as computer project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s, or information systems project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s. However, it is important that these new project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s serve a business objective. For example, the new facilities implemented must be to serve specific business objectives, and not implemented ad hoc, or for the sake of implementing. Beyond this very basic relationship dictated by common sense, Kerzner (2006) explains how project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) management serves different purposes in different types of organisations – manufacturing companies for example, look to project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) management in order to achieve efficiency and effectiveness. Slippages in schedule in these types of organisations could have a significant negative impact on cash flow. Companies that sell products or services employ project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) management in order to manage customer expectations, achieve competitiveness, etc. Project management is also useful for managing both internal and external project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s.

The basic premise of employing project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) management is that it will deliver benefits that are in line with the business objectives of the organisation. Change is inevitable in today’s business environment; the organisation that responds well to change is one that will be able to sustain itself; the organisation that keeps on top of change is one that is well-placed to develop or maintain its competitive advantage. Change in organisations today is managed by project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s; project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s bring together resources, skills, technology and ideas to deliver business benefits or to achieve business objectives. Good project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) management helps to ensure that these benefits or objectives are achieved within budget, within time and to the required quality (OGC, 2002). Different project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) management methodologies posit to have different relationships with the business objectives of an organisation. Figure 1 illustrates the PRINCE2 view of its relationship with project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s and business.

Fig. 1 – The PRINCE2 relationship with project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s and business

3.0 PPSO

The PPSO is one of the support structures that are instituted to help ensure that a project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) is successful. Marsh (2002) states that

“Unless an organisation only ever executes one programme or a very small number of project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s, there is a vital need to establish some form of programme and / or project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) support office (PSO). This need increases not only with the number of programmes and project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s the organisation undertakes, but also with the importance the organisation places upon them”

Current literature broadly agrees that the PPSO is a support structure. However, as Cadle and Yeates (2004) point out, the precise definition of PPSO and the specific terms used depend on the organisation within which they operate. The PRINCE2 methodology for example uses the term project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) support office, The ISEB (Information Sytems Examination Board, under the British Computer Society) uses the term PPSO.

3.1 Functions of PPSO

In practice, the range of functions carried out by the PPSO varies from organisation to organisation. Cadle and Yeates (2004) classify the work done by PPSO into 4 different stages:

Work carried out prior to formal initiation of project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) – Eg. Support activities to ensure smooth approval process, business case preparation, etc.

Work carried out as part of formal project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) initiation – planning, risk management, resourcing, etc.

Activities that support the main delivery phase of the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) (analysis, design, build, test, implementation, etc.) – reporting, stakeholder management, time recording (keeping track of project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) planned schedules vs. completed timesheets and parts), provising a repository of all documentation related to the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees), tracking the financial aspects of the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) (man hours spent on the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) and other project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) costs), training, mentoring, etc.

Work carried out after completion of the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) – post project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) reviews, benefits realisation.

In the PRINCE2 methodology, a PSO (Programme Support Office) is instituted in order to make available a central pool of skilled resources to provide the roles of Project Support, such as clerical support, Configuration Librarians, etc. which can support managers in the administration of the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) (OGC, 2002). A PPSO is often useful in these situations:

Where there are resource shortages

Where the organisation has a few diverse project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s

Where there is a large programme, which perhaps depends on several smaller individual project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s.

(OGC, 2002).

3.2 Implementing PPSO

Section 3.1 above described the functions of a PPSO and the environments in which it would be useful. From these, it can be seen that the implementation of a PPSO cannot be done as a generic activity, in a similar manner in all organisations. This is especially true if the PPSO is to benefit all the members of the team. For example, in an organisation where there is only a small number of project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s that are diverse in nature, the PPSO can be implemented to provide generic skills and functions, such as time keeping, financial recording, etc. This frees the expert project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) team from having to undertake these generic tasks. It also means that the PPSO personnel develop or have, expertise in these skills, resulting in better overall project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) management. Hence for such an organisation, a suggested implementation structure of a PPSO would be one that provides the general administrative skills for the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees), such as documentation and record-keeping, time-keeping (recording timesheets, project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) progress, etc.), etc. PPSO personnel who provide these administrative services to the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s may therefore not be dedicated to a single project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees). This means that the staff member responsible for keeping track of the progress of project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s and recording timesheets may be responsible for the same task for all the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s in the organisation. This provides the additional benefit of facilitating overall strategic management and planning, especially when there is an interdependency between project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s.

3.2 Benefits of PPSO

The main benefits of a PPSO canbe summarised as:

Providing continuity of standards across all project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s, in various aspects such as the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) management method, software standards, configuration management, quality review techniques, cost-benefit analysis, etc.

Making available a central repository of documents for several project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s

Providing cross-project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) expertise and experience (lessons learnt from one project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) can be transferred to other project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s)

Providing oversight on planning, keeping track of progress.

Each and every team member is likely to benefit from the PPSO, directly or indirectly. Indirect benefits can be classified as those achieved when the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) is successful, executed smoothly, etc. Here team members can share in the benefits of success, ensure that their responsibilities can be discharged smoothly, etc. Direct benefits to team members as a result of effective PPSO implementation are the benefits of accurate record-keeping (timesheets, for example, provide an accurate record of the contribution of each individual team member), access to relevant expertise when necessary (team members tasked with procurement for example can liase with the PPSO to obtain expert advise and knowledge from prior project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s to help them find the cheapest suppliers), etc.

3.0 Prince 2 Processes and Components

The PRINCE2 processes and components are shown in Figure 2 below.

Fig. 2 – PRINCE2 processes and components

ThePRINCE2 process model has eight management processes, as shown in fig. 2. These are:

Directing a Project – this process runs throughout the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees), alongside all other processes. It represents the overall managerial tasks required for the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees), especially the tasks that rise by exception.

Planning –

Starting up a Project – This process ensures that the prerequisites for initiating the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) are in place. It requires that a mandate for th project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) exists, there is a reason for the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees), and an idea of the final product is already formed. During this stage, the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) management team is appointed, the Project Brief is developed, the Project Approach, i.e. general description of how a solution will be provided is defined, and the quality expectations from the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) is defined.

Initiating a Project – In this process, a definition of how the required product quality will be achieved is developed. The project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) plan and cost is determined, business case is identified and documented, the investment of time and effort is justified in light of the risks, commitment of resources is agreed upon, etc.

Controlling a Stage – the monitoring and control activities of the Project Manager involved in allocating work, ensuring that a stage stays on course and reacts to unexpected events.

Managing Stage boundaries – This process produces the information using which the Project Board will take key decisions on whether to continue with the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) or not. This process ensures that each stage is completed as defined or within set tolerance levels, records any measurements or lessons that can help later stages of this project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) and/or other project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s, etc. It also results in several products such as the End Stage Report, Current Stage Plan actuals, showing performance against the original Stage Plan, the next Stage Plan or Exception Plan, a revised Project Plan, updated risk logs, business case, etc.

Closing a Project

Managing Product Delivery

The components of the PRINCE2 methodology are:

Business Case – to be verified by the Project Board before a project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) begins and at every major decision point throughout the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees).

Organisation – The structure of a project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) management team and a definition of the responsibilities and relationships of all roles involved in the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees).

Plans – Different plan levels that can be tailored to the size and needs of a project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) and an approach to planning based on products rather than activities

Controls – facilitate the provision of key decision-making information, allowing an organisation to pre-empt problems and make decisions on problem resolution. Controls are very important to ensure that the quality of a project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) is maintained. Proper planning and setting of controls will allow the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) manager to ensure that the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) achieves a quality standard, and make cost vs. quality trade offs.

Management of Risk -the analysis and management of risk.

Quality in a Project Environment – PRINCE2 incorporates a quality approach to the management and technical processes. This is done by by establishing the customer’s quality expectations, setting standards and quality inspection methods to be used and by checking that these are being used

Configuration Management – Tracking the components of a final product and their versions for release.

Change Control – Sepcification of a change control technique and identification of the processes that apply the change control.

4.0 Limitations of Project Management

Cleland and Ireland (2006, pg. 27) list some of the limitations of formal strategic planning, and consequently, of project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) management. These can be summarised as:

The environment that the enterprise faces may change more than anticipated. These changes can be brought about by a variety of factors such as natural disasters (earthquakes, hurricanes), man-made disasters (terrorist attacks), etc.

Resistance to change.

The high cost of project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) management means that some trade-offs may have to be made.

Project management takes time, and results cannot be achieved immediately.

Project management can only help ensure that new project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s are implemented successfully. It cannot help resolve current difficulties.

Strategic planning and effective project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) management is not an exact science. It requires a lot of intuition, educated guesses, etc. to get it right. There is no guarantee of eventual success.

The project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) management process must be flexible, to take into account changes along the way.

Project management requires commitment of current time and resources for a goal that is to be achieved in the distant future.

6.0 Conclusion

Project management is a necessary tool for strategic planning. Project management helps ensure that an organisation can adapt to change successfully, by ensuring that the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s it undertakes are successful, and aligned with the business objectives of the organisation. The increasing importance of effective project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) management for the successful conduct of business is reflected in the increasing amount of attention and literature on the topic (sample nursing essay examples by the best nursing assignment writing service). PRINCE2 is one of the most widely used project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) management methodologies, and can be tailored to suit a wide variety of project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s and organisations.