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Posted: December 20th, 2021
Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for Nurse Educators, assignment help
Question description
Part 2 Class Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for Nurse Educators: Power Point for Staff In-Service. (Part 2 focuses on the pharmacologic treatment of the Alzheimer’s disease)Please include speaker notes with all slides and references (journals preferably)!!!!Focus on the pharmacologic treatment of Alzheimer’s disease/ Drug Interactions, Side Effects, Adverse Reactions (5-6 slides). Since it is 6 slides you can do two slides for each underlined section
Assignment 2
NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology
Assignment: Asthma
Complications of asthma can be sudden. Consider the case of Bradley Wilson, a young boy who had several medical conditions. He appeared in good health when he went to school, returned home, and ate dinner. However, when he later went outside to play, he came back inside wheezing. An ambulance took him to the hospital where he was pronounced dead (Briscoe, 2012). In another case, 10-year-old Dynasty Reese, who had mild asthma, woke up in the middle of the night and ran to her grandfather’s bedroom to tell him she couldn’t breathe. By the time paramedics arrived, she had passed out and was pronounced dead at the hospital (Glissman, 2012). These situations continue to outline the importance of recognizing symptoms of asthma and providing immediate treatment, as well as distinguishing minor symptoms from serious, life-threatening symptoms. Since these symptoms and attacks are often induced by a trigger, as an advanced practice nurse, you must be able to help patients identify their triggers and recommend appropriate treatment options. For this reason, you need to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation.
To Prepare
Review “Asthma” in Chapter 27 of the Huether and McCance text. Identify the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation. Consider how these disorders are similar and different.
Select a patient factor different from the one you selected in this week’s Discussion: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior. Think about how the factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of both disorders. Reflect on how you would diagnose and prescribe treatment of these disorders for a patient based on the factor you selected.
Review the “Mind maps—Dementia, Endocarditis, and Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)” media in the Week 2 Learning Resources. Use the examples in the media as a guide to construct two mind maps—one for chronic asthma and one for acute asthma exacerbation. Consider the epidemiology and clinical presentation of both chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation.
To Complete
Write a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following:
Describe the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation. Be sure to explain the changes in the arterial blood gas patterns during an exacerbation.
Explain how the factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of both disorders. Describe how you would diagnose and prescribe treatment for a patient based on the factor you selected.
Construct two mind maps—one for chronic asthma and one for acute asthma exacerbation. Include the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation, as well as the diagnosis and treatment you explained in your paper.
By Day 7
This Assignment is due.
Note: The School of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/57.htm). All papers submitted must use this formatting.
Reference
Briscoe, K. (2012, May 12). Thetford: mother of Bradley Wilson, who died of asthma attack, told there was nothing she could have done. East Anglian Daily Times. Retrieved from https://monkessays.com/write-my-essay/eadt.co.uk/news/thetford_mother_of_bradley_wilson_who_died_of_asthma_attack_told_there_was_nothing_she_could_have_done_1_1375128
Glissman, B. (2012, May 21). Girl’s death puts focus on asthma’s broader grip. Omaha World-Herald. Retrieved from https://monkessays.com/write-my-essay/omaha.com/article/20120521/LIVEWELL01/305219975
Submission and Grading Information
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Grading Criteria
Asthma Pathophysiology
Introduction
Acute and chronic asthma can be triggered by different causes including genetics and environmental factors. Signs and symptoms should be clearly checked to ensure proper management of the disease. Chronic asthma can develop into acute asthma that causes severe and sudden functional changes. Over 7 million children in America are suffering from chronic asthma and at risk of acute asthma (Powell, 2016). It is important to understand the pathophysiology of the two diseases.
Asthma Pathophysiology
Chronic asthma has various pathophysiological mechanisms which include airway hyper-responsiveness. It is also characterized by recurrent wheezing, shortness of breath, persistent coughing and tight chest (Gelb, Christenson & Nadel, 2016). The functional changes result in obstruction of airflow to and from the lungs. It also has other pathophysiological factors such as bronchiolar inflammation and increased mucus secretion. The increased mucus secretion causes thick mucus plugs which end up clogging and blocking the airways (Rosenkranz et al., 2016). On the other hand, acute asthma is composed of sudden and severe functional changes. The severe changes may result in collapsed lungs (Briscoe, 2012). In acute asthma, the functional changes are similar to those of chronic asthma but they are frequent and bothersome. It also involves difficulty in breathing despite using an inhaler.
Arterial Blood Gas Patterns
Arterial blood gas had several changes depending on the severity of the condition. PCO2 increased when the severity of the asthmatic attack was high. Additionally, PO2 decreased when the severity of the attack was high (Gelb, Christenson & Nadel, 2016). The changes were occasioned by the rate of inflammation and obstruction of the airways which restricted breathing oxygenated air. The overproduction of mucus also interferes with the absorption of air into the blood. The pH level remains constant but with increased obstruction of airways and severity of the asthmatic attack, the pH levels decrease (Rosenkranz et al., 2016). Therefore, it is important to take the arterial blood gas tests to ascertain the functionality of the lungs in absorption of oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide.
Patient Factor
The selected patient factor is genetics. Asthma is considered one of the hereditary conditions that run in the family. Although it can be caused by other environmental conditions, the genetic composition can expose an individual to the tendency to develop asthma (Gelb, Christenson & Nadel, 2016). The selected factor may impact chronic asthma by causing persistent alterations in the breathing system. It may cause a person to continually develop signs and symptoms such as obstruction of the airways which are easily cleared using an inhaler (Glissman, 2012). However, although the main cause could be genetic composition, the signs and symptoms may become severe due to other environmental conditions (Rosenkranz et al., 2016). The functional changes will include obstruction of the airways, over secretion of mucus. The obstruction of the airways triggers wheezing, coughing, and a tight chest.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of asthma caused by genetic composition will involve a review of the medical history with a clinician. The review of the medical history will involve knowing whether other family members have asthmatic conditions (Gelb, Christenson & Nadel, 2016). The medical history will help the doctor to ascertain the relationship between the genetics factor and the condition. The next step will include a physical examination, lung function test as well as sinus X-ray (Rosenkranz et al., 2016). The examination will also consider the breathing problems plus the signs and symptoms that a patient has experienced in the recent past. The nurse may also carry out a sputum eosinophil test to check the white blood cells during coughing.
The treatment for a patient suffering from asthma as a result of genetic composition can be divided into long-term and short-term. Long-term medication such as inhaled corticosteroids is preventive in nature to keep inflammation under control (Rosenkranz et al., 2016). The patient can also take quick-relief inhalers which are used to open up the airways and make breathing easier. The quick-relief inhalers should be used less-often if the condition is well-managed.
Conclusion
Asthma is a condition that has claimed many lives of people who appeared healthy and vibrant. While chronic asthma may cause prolonged functional changes, acute asthma causes sudden and severe changes. Patients who develop acute asthma have low chances of surviving since severe inflammation may cause the lungs to collapse. The genetic composition is one of the factors causing asthma. A person with signs and symptoms of asthma should visit a physician for examination. The treatment should also involve the long-term and quick-relief inhalers in case of a sudden attack. Treatment should be aligned to the severity of the condition.
Mind-Maps
Mind-Maps
References
Briscoe, K. (2012). Thetford: mother of Bradley Wilson, who died of an asthma attack, told there was nothing she could have done. East Anglian Daily Times. Retrieved from https://monkessays.com/write-my-essay/eadt.co.uk/news/thetford_mother_of_bradley_wilson_who_died_of_asthma_attack_told_there_was_nothing_she_could_have_done_1_1375128
Gelb, A. F., Christenson, S. A., & Nadel, J. A. (2016). Understanding the pathophysiology of asthma–chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 22(2), 100-105.
Glissman, B. (2012). Girl’s death puts focus on asthma’s broader grip. Omaha World-Herald. Retrieved from https://monkessays.com/write-my-essay/omaha.com/article/20120521/Livewell01/305219975
Powell, C. V. (2016). Acute severe asthma. Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health, 52(2), 187-191.
Rosenkranz, M. A., Esnault, S., Christian, B. T., Crisafi, G., Gresham, L. K., Higgins, A. T., … & Busse, W. W. (2016). Mind-body interactions in the regulation of airway inflammation in asthma: a PET study of acute and chronic stress. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 58, 18-30.
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