Posted: June 29th, 2022

Early Childhood Mathematical Reasoning

Early Childhood Mathematical Reasoning
Mathematical reasoning, like literacy, builds on informally
acquired knowledge. Between 14 and 16 months, toddlers display
a beginning grasp of ordinality , or order relationships between
quantities—for example, that 3 is more than 2, and 2 is more than 1.
And 2-year-olds often indicate without counting that a set of items
has “lots,” “many,” or “little” in relation to others (Ginsburg, Lee, &
Boyd, 2008 ). By the time children turn 3, most can count rows of
about five objects, although they do not yet know exactly what
the words mean. For example, when asked for one, they give one
item, but when asked for two, three, four, or five, they usually give
a larger, but incorrect, amount. Nevertheless, 2½- to 3½-year-olds
understand that a number word refers to a unique quantity—that
when a number label changes (for example, from five to six), the
number of items should also change (Sarnecka & Gelman, 2004 ).
By age 3½ to 4, most children have mastered the meaning of
numbers up to 10, count correctly, and grasp the vital principle of
cardinality —that the last number in a counting sequence
indicates the quantity of items in a set (Geary, 2006a ). Mastery of
cardinality increases the efficiency of children’s counting. Early
Childhood Mathematical Reasoning.
Around age 4, children use counting to solve arithmetic problems.
At first, their strategies are tied to the order of numbers as
presented; to add 2 + 4, they count on from 2 (Bryant & Nunes,
2002 ). But soon they experiment with other strategies and

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