Posted: August 6th, 2023

Diabetes Mellitus Type II. Presentation

Diabetes Mellitus Type II. Presentation. Power point presentation: Diabetes mellitus type II (E11.9)

1-introduction
2-Definition
3-Anatomy and Physiology
4-Etiology
5-Clinical symptoms
6-Diagnosis (according to the American diabetes Association)
7-Complications
8- Pharmacology Treatments (Guidelines/ treatment with the references)
9-Education (patient and family education)
10-Follow up/referral
11-Conclusion
12-References

Requirements:
-it is ok if u want to include extensive graphs/charts to support data
-Length: 10-12 slides in length (excluding title and reference slides, with a maximum recording length of 20 minutes)
-APA format with intext citation
-References at least four high-level scholarly reference within in the last 5 years.
-Plagiarism free.
-Turnitin receipt.

Slide 1: Introduction

Good day, esteemed audience. Today, we embark on a comprehensive journey into the realm of Diabetes Mellitus Type II, a condition of immense medical significance. In the following slides, we will delve into the intricacies of this ailment, exploring its definition, anatomy and physiology, etiology, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, complications, pharmacological treatments, patient and family education, and the critical aspects of follow-up and referrals. By the end of this presentation, you’ll possess an enriched understanding of the multifaceted landscape of Diabetes Mellitus Type II.

Slide 2: Definition

Diabetes Mellitus Type II, also referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin action or insufficient insulin secretion. It is a multifactorial condition influenced by genetic predisposition, lifestyle factors, and environmental triggers. This disease significantly impacts various organ systems, leading to a cascade of complications if not properly managed.

Slide 3: Anatomy and Physiology

The intricate interplay of organs defines the physiology of Diabetes Mellitus Type II. Primarily, it involves the pancreas, responsible for insulin secretion; adipose tissue, contributing to insulin resistance; and the liver, involved in glucose regulation. An intricate dance of hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and adipokines, orchestrates the body’s glucose balance. The development of insulin resistance and the eventual decline in pancreatic beta-cell function are pivotal in the pathogenesis of Type II diabetes.

Slide 4: Etiology

The etiology of Diabetes Mellitus Type II is multifaceted, encompassing genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Genetic predisposition, often involving multiple susceptibility genes, interacts with lifestyle components such as obesity, sedentary behavior, and poor dietary choices. Inflammatory pathways and adipokine dysregulation further contribute to the disease’s progression.

Slide 5: Clinical Symptoms

Clinical manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus Type II are varied and encompass polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Patients may experience unexplained weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, and slow wound healing. It is paramount to recognize these symptoms, as early detection and management can mitigate the risk of severe complications.

Slide 6: Diagnosis (American Diabetes Association)

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) outlines diagnostic criteria involving fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, and hemoglobin A1c levels. Fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL during an oral glucose tolerance test, or A1c ≥6.5% are indicative of Diabetes Mellitus Type II. Precise diagnosis aids in early intervention and prevention of complications.

Slide 7: Complications

Untreated or poorly controlled Diabetes Mellitus Type II can give rise to a myriad of complications, including cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation play pivotal roles in initiating and perpetuating these complications, emphasizing the importance of rigorous management.

Slide 8: Pharmacology Treatments

The pharmacological management of Diabetes Mellitus Type II is tailored to individual patients. Lifestyle interventions like dietary modifications and increased physical activity form the foundation. However, when these measures are insufficient, various classes of antidiabetic medications come into play. Metformin, sulfonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and SGLT2 inhibitors are among the arsenal of drugs available. Treatment plans are constructed based on glycemic control, risk factors, and comorbidities.

Slide 9: Education

Patient and family education is a cornerstone of managing Diabetes Mellitus Type II. Empowering individuals with knowledge about the disease, medication adherence, self-monitoring of blood glucose, and lifestyle modifications is pivotal. Nutritional guidance, the importance of physical activity, and stress management are key components of this educational endeavor.

Slide 10: Follow Up/Referral

Regular follow-up visits are essential to monitor glycemic control, assess complications, and adjust treatment plans as needed. Collaborative care involving endocrinologists, dietitians, diabetes educators, and other healthcare professionals is fundamental in ensuring comprehensive management. Timely referrals to specialists may be necessary for complex cases or severe complications.

Slide 11: Conclusion

In conclusion, Diabetes Mellitus Type II is a complex metabolic disorder with far-reaching implications. Understanding its pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment modalities, and the significance of patient education is crucial in achieving optimal outcomes. A holistic approach, encompassing lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions, and continuous monitoring, is the key to mitigating complications and enhancing the quality of life for individuals living with this condition.

Slide 12: References

American Diabetes Association. (2021). Standards of medical care in diabetes—2021. Diabetes Care, 44(Supplement 1), S1-S232.

Cho, N. H., Shaw, J. E., Karuranga, S., Huang, Y., da Rocha Fernandes, J. D., Ohlrogge, A. W., … & Guariguata, L. (2018). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 138, 271-281.

Inzucchi, S. E., Bergenstal, R. M., Buse, J. B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., … & Matthews, D. R. (2015). Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 38(1), 140-149.

Marín-Peñalver, J. J., Martín-Timón, I., Sevillano-Collantes, C., & del Cañizo-Gómez, F. J. (2016). Update on the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. World Journal of Diabetes, 7(17), 354-395.

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