Posted: January 2nd, 2023

Current screening recommendations for mammograms

The current screening recommendations for mammograms as an example. Mammograms are recommended for the early detection of breast cancer. The frequency of mammograms and the age at which they should begin vary depending on the governing body.

According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), women at average risk of breast cancer should start getting mammograms at age 45 and then continue every year until age 54. After age 55, women can switch to mammograms every two years or can continue to get them annually if they prefer. Women at high risk of breast cancer (such as those with a family history of the disease) may need to start mammograms earlier and/or have them more frequently.

The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends that women ages 50 to 74 get mammograms every two years. The USPSTF does not recommend mammograms for women under age 50.

The ACS and the USPSTF have different recommendations for mammograms because they use different methods to weigh the risks and benefits of the procedure. The ACS takes a more conservative approach, recommending mammograms at a younger age and more frequently, while the USPSTF takes a more cautious approach, recommending mammograms less frequently and starting at a later age.

As a healthcare provider, it can be challenging to manage the variety of governing bodies that struggle with a consensus for screening. One way to approach this is to consider the patient’s individual risk factors and preferences and to make a recommendation based on the best available evidence. It is important to explain the differences in recommendations to the patient and to help them understand the pros and cons of each approach so that they can make an informed decision about their care.
Screening Guidelines

Pick one women’s health screening guideline, such as mammogram, Pap smear, bone mineral density scan, or colonoscopy, and outline the current screening recommendations alongside the governing body you selected for age and frequency. Discuss any reasons for potential deviations from routine screening frequency. How do you manage the variety of governing bodies that struggle with a consensus for screening? How do you explain these differences to your patient?
Unit 1
The following readings provide information to Help you in preparation for doing women’s health assessments. Being an informed provider can help increase the comfort level of patients during examinations.
Textbook Readings:
Women’s Health: A Primary Care Clinical Guide
● Chapter 2: “Women’s Development into the 21st Century”
● Chapter 3: “Epidemiology, Diagnostic Methods, and Procedures in Women’s Health”
● Chapter 4: “Assessing Adolescent Women’s Health”
● Chapter 5: “Assessing Adult Women’s Health”
● Chapter 6: “Assessing Older Women’s Health”
● Appendix C: “Selected Screening Tools for Women’s Health”
● Appendix D: “Medical Billing and Coding in Women’s Health”
● Appendix F: “Federal Agencies Concerned with Women’s Health”
Web Resources:
NPWH Nurse Practitioners in Women’s Health. The NPWH Well Woman Visit Mobile App. (2019). https://www.npwh.org/pages/mobile-app
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. US Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use Mobile App. (2021). https://apps.apple.com/us/app/contraception/id595752188
ACOG Mobile App (2017). https://apps.apple.com/us/app/acog/id616323665

Unit 2
Sexual problems can be extremely frustrating and can seriously affect relationships. As a nurse practitioner in primary care, you will have to have open discussions related to sex and sexuality. The resources below provide information on the topics for this unit.
Textbook Readings
Women’s Health: A Primary Care Clinical Guide
● Chapter 7: “Women and Sexuality”
● Chapter 8: “Health Needs of Lesbians, Bisexual, and Transgender Populations”
● Chapter 9: “Health Needs of Women with Disabilities”
● Chapter 10: “Integrating Wellness: Complementary Health Approaches and Women’s Health”
● Chapter 25: “Psychosocial Health Concerns for Women”
Web Resources
Office of Women’s Health U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Active Duty and Veteran Women’s Health. (2019). https://www.womenshealth.gov/about-us/what-we-do/programs-and-activities/active-duty-and-veteran-womens-health
Office of Women’s Health U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2019). Recognizing the Needs of Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Women. https://www.womenshealth.gov/30-achievements/29
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2020). Promoting Healthy Relationships in Adolescents. https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2018/11/promoting-healthy-relationships-in-adolescents
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (2019). Overview of VA Research on Women’s Health. https://www.research.va.gov/topics/womens_health.cfm reaffirmed 2018

Unit 3
Did you know that women are more likely to seek medical care than men? Often the reason for seeking care is related to normal reproductive changes across the lifespan. The resources below provide information useful in understanding the reproductive transitions of women.
Textbook Readings
Women’s Health: A Primary Care Clinical Guide
● Chapter 11: “Menstruation and Related Problems and Concerns”
● Chapter 13: “Infertility”
● Chapter 18: “The Menopausal Transition”
Web Resources
North American Menopause Association: (2020). The North American Menopause Society. Recommendations for Clinical Care of Midlife Women. http://www.menopause.org/publications/clinical-care-recommendations
The Frax Fracture Risk Assessment Tool: Frax Calculator. (ND). https://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX/tool.aspx?country=9

Unit 4
Textbook Readings
Women’s Health: A Primary Care Clinical Guide
● Chapter 12: “Managing Contraception and Family Planning”
Library Readings:
Birth Control Options for Women (2019). Johns Creek: Ebix Inc. https://search-proquest-com.libauth.purdueglobal.edu/central/docview/2087705680?accountid=34544
Web Resources:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). Contraception. https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/unintendedpregnancy/

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). US Medical Eligibility Criteria (US MEC) for Contraceptive Use, 2016. UpToDate. https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/mmwr/mec/summary.html?CDC_AA_efVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Freproductivehealth%2Fcontraception%2Fusmec.htm reviewed 2021

Unit 5
Textbook Readings:
Women’s Health: A Primary Care Clinical Guide
● Chapter 14: “Vaginitis and Sexually Transmitted Diseases”
● Chapter 15: “Women and HIV”
Web Resources:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021). Treatment and Screening. https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/default.htm

Unit 6
The resources below provide information on the topics for this unit.
Textbook Readings:
Women’s Health: A Primary Care Clinical Guide
● Chapter 17: “Breast Health”
Web Resources:
American Cancer Society. (2021). Non-cancerous Breast Conditions. www.cancer.org/healthy/findcancerearly/womenshealth/non-cancerousbreastconditions/non-cancerous-breast-conditions-toc
Komen, S. G. (2019). The Who, What, Where, When, and Sometimes Why. Retrieved from: http://ww5.komen.org/BreastCancer/AboutBreastCancer.html

Unit 7
Pain in the female pelvis can be caused by many conditions. These resources provide information on how to navigate the patient who complains of pelvic pain.
Textbook Readings
Women’s Health: A Primary Care Clinical Guide
● Chapter 16: “Common Gynecologic Pelvic Disorders”
Web Resources
Mayo Clinic (2021). Chronic pelvic pain in women. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-pelvic-pain/symptoms-causes/syc-20354368

Unit 8
Pregnancy can be a time of joy and fear for the patient and family. This unit and the resources below provide you with information on changes considered normal or abnormal in pregnancy. In addition, you will care for the patient during the postpartum period, identifying lactation concerns and depression.
Textbook Readings
Women’s Health: A Primary Care Clinical Guide
● Chapter 19: “Health Promotion and Assessment During Pregnancy”
● Chapter 20: “Maternal Conditions Impacting Risk in Pregnancy”
● Chapter 21: “Assessing Fetal Well-Being”
● Chapter 22: “Postpartum and Lactation”

Web Resources:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Breastfeeding. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/index.htm
The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists. (2019). Postpartum Depression. https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Postpartum-Depression

Unit 9
The purpose of this unit is to learn to identify and manage common primary care conditions that may be presented within the clinical arena and have a particular influence on women’s health. These resources provide information on how to navigate the patient who present with common primary care conditions.
Textbook Readings
Women’s Health: A Primary Care Clinical Guide
● Chapter 23: “Common Medical Problems: Cardiovascular through Hematological Disorders”
● Chapter 24: “Common Medical Problems: Musculoskeletal Injuries through Urinary Tract Disorders”
Web Resources:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (January 2020). Women and Heart Disease. https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/women.htm
World Health Organization (February 2021). Musculoskeletal Conditions. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/musculoskeletal-conditions

Unit 10
The need is growing to distinguish the various biological and psychosocial factors that may impact the mental health of women. The resources below provide information on common psychosocial conditions in women.
Textbook Readings:
Women’s Health: A Primary Care Clinical Guide
● Chapter 25: “Psychosocial Health Concerns for Women”
● Appendix C: “Selected Screening Tools for Women’s Health”
Web Resources:
National Institutes of Health. (2019). Women and Mental Health. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/women-and-mental-health/index.shtml
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018). Vital Signs: Prescription Painkiller Overdoses. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/prescriptionpainkilleroverdoses/index.html
World Health Organization (n.d.). Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2030. https://www.who.int/mental_health/action_plan_2013/en/

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