Posted: December 3rd, 2022

Team B Presentation Narration Transcript

Team B Presentation Narration Transcript
Title-Slide 1
We discussed the association between hydraulic fracking and the environmental health hazards presented in groundwater contamination and air pollution for this presentation.
Team Members – Slide 2
This group comprises of Lesley Baker, Helen Ezeokobe, Kpoobari Gumnwee, Juma Kamara, and Jemima Lotika. Each group member will address different areas of concern with the environmental hazards related to hydraulic fracking.
The presentation’s objective will be to understand the public health threats from hydraulic fracking, its health hazards and determine the magnitude of health hazards caused by chemicals and human health risks due to hydraulic fracking exposures. The team will identify preventive measures, define health department approaches that will monitor the health issues, and describe the social change that impacts the public’s health and future environments.
Introduction – Slide 3
It defines fracking and the techniques used to extract natural gas from the earth. The method used for extraction of natural gas or oil from shale and other forms of “tight” rock (in other words, impermeable rock formations that lock in oil and gas and make fossil fuel production difficult) (NRDC,2019).
Large quantities of water, chemicals, and sand get blasted into these formations at pressures high enough to crack the rock, allowing the once-trapped gas and oil to flow to the surface (NRDC,2019).

Hazardous Investigation – Environmental Health Issue – Slide 4
This slide investigates a gas company’s salty water use to douse a patch of West Virginia forest with wastewater from a drilling operation killed ground vegetation within days and more than half the trees within two years (Common ground,2029). The team identified ways to prevent and provide solutions to public health threats and defined ways the health department will monitor water issues and determine social implications that impact the health of the population and environment moving into the future.
Hydraulic fracking is an environmental problem that triggers ripple effects on water bodies, human beings, air, and soil. Research shows that fracking affects groundwater and plants. The effect occurs due to the harmful chemicals used in extracting minerals and natural resources (Muncie, 2020). The massive impact can undermine the wellbeing of a community since it utilizes large volumes of water.
Cities can experience a shortage if they allow fracking in their community. The process will release large volumes of contaminated water that is impossible to dispose of safely. Fracking affects the elderly, children, and pregnant mothers. Healthcare practitioners should assess the residents’ health status to ascertain their exposure and vulnerability to harmful chemicals.
Hazard Investigation – Environmental Impact: Environmental and Biological Persistence – Slide 5
For this slide, we look at the defining characteristics of possible exposure and environmental issues and how it impacts the environment. Fracking affects the environment in many ways. The anthroposphere (sometimes also called the Technosphere) refers to environments made or modified by humans and used for human activities and habitats (Meng,2017). Some examples are ground changes, and the use of land will change also. Air and water pollution, soil pollution will occur, and noise pollution that leads to labor migration and economic changes for a community will emerge (Menge,2017).
The environmental effects on the atmosphere and fracking are known to change the atmosphere and affect the greenhouse, having adverse effects on our surface temperature and changing our climate (Menge,2017). Our environment’s different effects include the hydrosphere, water consumption, contaminates of our wastewater, evaporation, and transpiration; these alter the local hydrologic cycle (Meng,2017). Fracking will affect the lithosphere by limiting landfills, deteriorating soil, changing rock formation, and possibly starting earthquakes (Meng,2017). A deteriorating lithosphere will have a long-term impact on the biosphere, such as biosphere cycling, species disruption and alter ecological niches, and destroys terrestrial biomes.
Hazard Investigation Cont’d- Organic & Inorganic Compounds – Slide 6
We will continue to speak about how organic and inorganic compounds are made from hydraulic fracking and wastewater for this slide. Chemical hazards can come from all those impacts we saw on the previous slides.
They are numerous and can be categorized into organic and inorganic contents from fracking contents. All possible hazards and health issues are listed on these charts. For example, ethylene glycols can depress the central nervous system, which is essential for neurodevelopment. These all have long environmental and biological persistence.
The chart regarding inorganic contents shows that inhalation of lead can lead to kidney damage and reproductive issues.

Hazardous Investigation Cont’d – Listing of Additives Used in Fracking- Slide 7
Fate/transport also introduces a lot of additive chemicals during the fracking process itself. For example, these stabilizers and agents introduce chemicals from both the organic and inorganic list of compounds.
Health Issues – Potential Risks for Human Exposure – Slide 8
This slide will discuss health issues due to exposure to harmful chemicals when they dispose of contaminated water into the ground. Some identified health issues that stem from exposure to toxic chemicals are headaches, nausea, dizziness, and vomiting. Many organs can be affected, such as the eyes, liver, kidney, blood, skin, and central nervous system. The extent of health issues correlates to the amount of exposure that person has to a specific chemical.
Fracking affects the groundwater by seeping into water supplies that people consume in their homes. The dangerous chemicals contain carcinogenic components that can cause severe effects on the health of individuals. The results of drilling pollute the air causing respiratory problems (Davidson, 2018). For example, people with asthma are affected severely when the air is polluted. Air pollution can cause heart diseases among children and the elderly. Another potential risk is the effect on plants and animals.
The agricultural sector of the community is at risk if when fracking begins. These are just a few of the environmental health issues due to fracking, contamination of groundwater, impact on climate change, air pollution impacts, exposure to toxic chemicals, blowouts due to a gas explosion, waste disposal, massive volume water use in water-deficient regions, fracking-induced earthquakes, workplace safety, infrastructure degradation. While more research is needed on chemicals toxicity, most of the chemicals, such as arsenic, benzene, cadmium, lead, formaldehyde, chlorine, and mercury, are associated with fracking fallout groundwater. (Yalenews,2016).
The following chemicals are examples of concern due to their existing federal health-based guidelines, risk exposure, arsenic, benzene, cadmium, lead, formaldehyde, chlorine, and mercury (Yalenews,2016). The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance will depend on the dose, duration, and how individuals are exposed. Studies show chronic long-term exposure to this type of chemicals can cause vomiting, headaches, dizziness, convulsions, seizures, cancer, reproductive, developmental, reproductive developmental effects.
Health Issues Cont’d – Potential Risks- Slide 9
As we continue to discuss health risks to human beings and how it affects their health can lead to significant and minor complications (Davidson, 2018). It also plays a role in depleting a community water supply, leading to more financial or welfare problems when people stay for days without clean water.
Other environmental issues are that fracking leads to an overproduction of methane that triggers climate change. Methane pollution affects not only humans’ environments but will also affect plants’ and animals’ environments. Waste disposal causes exposure to toxic substances. The blowouts will trigger noise pollution, thus disrupting the serenity of the surrounding community. The local leaders should review the potential risks and determine that they outweigh the economic impact of fracking.
The Agency for toxic substance and disease registry states that human exposure to arsenic, benzene, cadmium, lead, formaldehyde, chlorine, and mercury can cause detrimental, irreversible effects on human’s health (ATSDR,2019).

Health Issues Cont’d -Susceptible Populations – Slide 10
This slide will discuss how the fracking process generates various risks to different groups of people. The first group is children, whose respiratory and immune system is still developing. When exposed to contaminated air, they are likely to develop respiratory complications. People with respiratory complications can experience difficulties if exposed to toxins (Michael, Jessica, 2015). The complications can lead to death or chronic illnesses that undermine the quality of life of individuals. It causes stress and anxiety among community members. Fracking will affect healthcare facilities by increasing the rate of admissions. Therefore, diverse populations are at risk of health complications that can undermine the quality of their lives.
Strategies to Prevent Adverse Health Outcomes – Slide 11
This slide will discuss strategies to prevent adverse health outcomes. It is important to note that there are not many regulations for fracking; the best exposure prevention is to stop fracking in communities; however, it is difficult to enforce rules with the law’s ongoing complexity. We will discuss some strategies to prevent exposure to air pollution introduced by fracking. Choose a cleaner commute, share a ride to work, or use public transportation.
Combine errands and reduce trips, walk to errands when possible. Avoid excessive idling of your automobile; refuel your car in the evening when it is cooler. Conserve electricity and set air conditioners no lower than 78 degrees, defer lawn and gardening chores that use gasoline-powered equipment, or wait until evening. Reduce the number of trips you take in your car.
Reduce or eliminate fireplace and wood stove use, and avoid burning leaves, trash, and other materials.

Strategies to Prevent Adverse Health Outcomes Cont’d– Slide 12
For this slide, we will continue to discuss strategies to help prevent adverse health outcomes. Water pollution exposure, do not pour any fat, oil, or grease down the sink, dispose of all cleaning agents down the sink or toilet, and avoid medications or drugs down the toilet. Avoid using the bathroom as a wastebasket and using a garbage disposal. Learn to use compost piles from vegetable scraps, install water-efficient toilets, run dishwashers with a full load, and only use phosphate-free soaps, use the minimum amount of detergent. Always minimize the use of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers (SCT.gov.nd).
Strategies to Prevent Adverse Health Outcomes Cont’d – Slide 13
In this slide, we continue to discuss strategies to prevent adverse health outcomes in soil contamination introduced by fracking. By reducing toxic materials, reducing waste that gets disposed of should have minimal poisonous materials. This process occurs by treating waste materials with various chemicals to make them less harmful. By replacing them with biodegradable material as often as possible, it will help you reach that goal.
By reducing waste materials with organic products, especially cleaners, pesticides, insecticides, and fertilizers, the advantage of using organic products is that they are biodegradable and friendly to the environment. Avoid littering; excessive littering is one of the most common reasons for land pollution. As a society, we should take the initiative to inform others about the harmful effects of littering. When organic wastes get disposed of in areas far from human or animal habitation, it will decrease exposure risk. Examples such as plastic, metals, glass, and paper must be recycled and reused —the land’s fertility by reforesting. The soil in forested lands is far more fertile than soil without trees, suggesting that trees can fertilize the land.
Exposure Preventions – Slide 14
There are several methods of limiting exposure and prevention with fracking fluids. Alternatives for fracking fluid, while water is the most commonly used fracking fluid and is the most economically advantageous, it is not the only type of fluid used (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014). It is also possible to use liquid propane, saltwater, and high-pressure CO2 to extract natural gas. Corrosion-resistant equipment, because many of the chemicals added to the fracturing fluid are either meant to help initiate cracks in the shale or prevent corrosion of the steel pipes carrying the fluid into and out of the ground (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014). The chemicals preventing decay would not be necessary if natural gas companies utilized corrosion-resistant pipes and storage tanks.
The regulatory basis for the planned process, environmental regulation, needs to be implemented before developing hydraulic fracturing in countries considering fracking their shale gas resources. It is within the state and federal government’s best interests because unregulated fracking poses a risk to environmental and human health. Companies should be required to disclose any chemicals put into gas wells. They should reveal how they deal with stormwater management and surface spills. Environmental regulations should require covering methane leakage both during the production and transportation of natural gas. Treatment plants should limit their chloride content in surface water discharge to 250 mg/L chloride ( Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014).
Agencies and Community Members- Slide 15
It is pertinent that community mobilization helps communities identify their own needs and respond to and address these needs (World Health Organization, 2006). The march to mobilizing leads to greater sustainability, as neighborhoods are empowered and capable of managing their own needs by mobilizing community and organizations through Participatory Learning and Action (PLA). PLA is a community development approach whereby facilitators work with communities to analyze their needs, identify solutions, and develop and implement action plans. Educating communities will address myths and concerns about hydraulic fracking to empower community members to advocate for their health and wellbeing. The media communications campaign will raise awareness about hydraulic fracking hazards in conjunction with the United States Environmental Protection Agency and other programs they may have.
Interrelated Environmental Factors – Slide 16
When it comes to other environmental factors, some are related to increased health risks. Such as reduced availability to clean water increases the prevalence of water-related diseases such as amebiasis. More frequent spills of chemicals on surfaces increase the risk of surface water contamination. When workers drill down into the rock in sand mining, they create fractures by pumping in a mixture of water, chemicals, and sand. The sand keeps cracks propped open so that oil and gas are released into the groundwater. Sand molecules also get released as tiny dust particles that, when inhaled in the lungs, can lead to Silicosis and cancer of the lungs that poses a danger to miners and nearby communities (Earthworks, 2020).
Fracking sand mining creates significant air pollution from the handling and processing of the sand. Surface water will become degraded from fluid waste disposal. Groundwater quality degradation (which this presentation focuses on) will induce seismicity from the injection of waste fluids into deep disposal wells.
What this means is that the liquid injected at depth is sometimes hydraulically connected to faults. When this happens, fluid pressures increase within a fault, counteracting the frictional forces on faults, resulting in earthquakes more likely to occur (US Department of Interior, n.d.)
Hydraulic fracking can also reduce air quality, noise pollution, night sky light pollution, and changes in the landscape and forest fragmentation (US Department of Interior, n.d.).
Monitoring Community Health – Slide 17
The overall goal of monitoring is protection. Monitoring ensures that risks get minimized by providing sufficient information to optimize the performance and achieve the objective. By giving community-level indicators, you can disseminate information about the effects of community project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)s and initiatives. Community-level indicators for this scenario will include reducing the number of residents exposed to contaminated water and reducing the number of in-hospital admissions and or deaths related to groundwater contamination.
Healthcare practitioners are responsible for monitoring the health status of the communities. The monitoring will provide the local leaders with an assessment of the risks that can occur if when hydraulic fracking becomes initiated. The Assessment will check the level of toxic substances in water, air, and food. It will help people understand their risks due to fracking pollution (Michael & Jessica, 2015). The monitoring will assess the knowledge of the community and the precautions they can take. The assessment will examine the vulnerable group and show the results that can undermine the community’s health. The local leaders should emphasize the Assessment to determine if they should go on with the fracking project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees).
Hazardous Chemicals – Slide 18
Communities are at risk of dangerous chemicals, including methanol, sulfuric acid, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, and hydrogen fluoride (Currie, 2017). The process of extracting minerals exposes people to chemicals. For instance, the chemicals drained from groundwater that people consume are high risk of toxic chemicals exposure. Research shows that the chemicals can cause cancer since they have carcinogenic components. Dangerous chemicals can also cause reproductive problems and high blood pressure. High blood pressure problems affect the elderly and are among the significant causes of death in the world. Hydrogen fluoride is another dangerous chemical that is corrosive and poisonous. Sulfuric acid causes lung damage and loss of vision to people of all ages.
Effects on Community Groundwater- Slide 19
Fracking affects the quality of groundwater since the fracking companies release toxic wastes to the ground. The rain will wash away the toxins to the rivers or other water supply sources. A community is thus at risk of drinking contaminated water. The toxins can affect the bones and other digestive and respiratory systems (Currie, 2017).
Another source of the toxins in the gas gets released into the rocks. Therefore, water drilling companies will not find quality, safe, and freshwater easily. The fracking process also shrinks the water supply in the community. Thus, one of the significant effects are shortages of quality and safe water for human consumption. The local leaders should evaluate the impact on community groundwater and do away with the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees).
Assessment Strategy- Slide 20
Our Assessment strategy will be outcome specific. The purpose of this strategy is to address the effectiveness of our proposed interventions. The Assessment design and results are measured and outline the strengths/limitations of the approach used. Assessment talks about the process of determining the value or worth of a health program or any of its components based on predetermined criteria or standards of success that are identified by stakeholders (McKenzie, Neiger, & Thackeray 2017).
Solutions to be Evaluated, The Healthy Communities – CHANGE tools developed by the CDC will be a better solution and approach implemented in the community. Meaning (Community, Health, Assessment, and Group Assessment) Tool. The CHANGE Tool enables stakeholders and community members to gather data on community strengths, weaknesses, and assets needed for a project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees). It will provide opportunities to create policy, systems, and environmental change through a community action plan.
The purpose of Healthy Communities is to enable the pursuit of shared values in the context of ownership and empowerment, and it is a viable approach to improving health in the community (Mckenzie, Neiger & Thackeray 2017).
Assessment Design- Slide 21
The team utilized two-basic Assessment designs for this presentation: (1) outcome Assessment and (2) impact Assessment. The outcome Assessment, Green, Lewis. (1986) assert that the outcome focuses on an ultimate goal or product of a program/process measured in the health field by monitoring the mortality or morbidity data in a population, vital measures, symptoms, signs, or physiological indicators on individuals. Outcome Assessment measures various public health indicators of the fracking process. For example, the fracking process is a significant factor in air pollution, loss of vision, and high blood pressure among people living near the processing plant (Currie, Greenstone, & Meckel, 2017).
Outcome Assessment will help measure if the degree to which endpoints such as diseases or injuries have decreased among community members. For example, a public health professional can utilize an outcome Assessment to checkmate the fracking process activities to understand if they have tested positively or negatively affected the community.
Impact Assessment focuses on intermediate measures such as behavior change or changes in attitudes, knowledge, and awareness valuation. It is a type of summation Assessment that focuses on the program’s immediate observation effects, leading to a program’s intended outcomes or intermediate results (Green & Lewis, 1986).
Impact Assessments help contribute to evidence-based policymaking and constitute a shift in focus from activities of a project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) to desired results such as: Evaluating if the fracking process uses dangerous chemicals to extract minerals, which may increase the risk of methanol-water. To evaluate the effects of fracking in the community water and agricultural sector, Check if fracking pan increases blood pressure among community members. Evaluate policies, laws, and regulations governing and controlling fracking processes to reduce human exposure.
While most project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) or program Assessments focus on whether the implementation of operations or service delivery was successful, impact Assessments focus on whether a development project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) or program had a (causal) effect on people’s lives (and why or why not).
Strengths and Limitations- Slide 22
The CHANGE Tool analysis is an appropriate study design for several reasons. First, it enables stakeholders to gather data on community strengths, weaknesses, and assets needed for a project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees). Secondly, it provides opportunities to create policy, systems, and environmental change through a community action plan. Healthy Communities will enable the pursuit of shared values in the context of ownership and empowerment. This approach allows communities to improve the community’s health in the community (Mckenzie et al., 2017).
Social Change- Slide 23
This slide will relate to local issues to a broader context and includes a final take-home message that describes this issue’s implications for positive social change. The social change implications are related to the outcome/impact of the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) on community life. To see if the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) will result in a positive impact on the lives of community members. For example, outcome Assessment, would answer the question such as: did the implementation of the program result in any changes in knowledge, attitudes, and skills among members of the target population?
Outcome Assessments explain why the CDC (n. d) assessment “measures program effectiveness in the target population by assessing the progress in the outcomes that the program is to address” Finally, the Assessment would look at whether the project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees) succeeded in the community like constructing alternative water pumps for the people.
To see how many people will benefit from the program and how it aims to assess whether the construction of alternate water sources will lead to improved community health.
Slides 25 through 29 are Reference slides
This slide concludes our presentation for the group. We like to thank everyone for your time. The following slides are a list of references that were used in our presentation. Thank you!

References
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CDC, (n. d). Types of Assessment. https://www.cdc.gov/std/Program/pupestd/Types%20of%20Assessment.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2017). ATSDR Toxic Substances Portal. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/index.asp

Commonground. (2019). The Danger of Fracked Fluid on Human, Animal, and Plant Life –
Retrieved from http://commongroundrising.org/health-impacts-from-frackedwaste-water/

Currie, J., Greenstone, M., & Meckel, K. (2017). Hydraulic fracturing and infant health: New evidence from Pennsylvania. Science advances, 3(12), 160-301

Davidson, D. J. (2018). Evaluating the effects of living with contamination from the lens of trauma: A case study of fracking development in Alberta, Canada. Environmental Sociology, 4(2), 196-209

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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2018, September 27). Actions You Can Take to Reduce Air Pollution? www.epa.gov/region1/airquality/reducepollution.htmlfracking-2015-5?IR=T

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Geology and Human Health. (2019). Potential Health and Environmental effects of hydrofracking. https://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/health/case_studies/hydrofracking_w.html

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Green, L. W., Lewis, F. M. (1986). Measurement and Assessment in health education and health promotion. Mayfield

Greenwood, M. (2016). Chemicals in fracking fluid and wastewater are toxic, study shows. https://news.yale.edu/2016/01/06/toxins-found-fracking-fluids-and-wastewater-study-shows

Kelley, B. M., & Orwig, J. (2015). The ten scariest chemicals used in hydraulic fracking. www.businessinsider.com/chemicals-used-in-

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (2014). Hydraulic Fracturing. www.12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/solutions/engineering-solutions/611-2/

McKenzie, J. F., Neiger, B.L., & Thackeray, R. (2017). Planning, Implementing, and evaluating health promotion programs: A primer (7th ed.). Pearson

Meng, Q. (2017). The impacts of fracking on the environment: A total environmental study paradigm. Science of The Total Environment, 580, 953–957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.045

Muncie, E. (2020). ‘Peaceful protesters’ and ‘dangerous criminals’: the framing and reframing of anti-fracking activists in the UK. Social Movement Studies, 19(4), 464-481

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. (2019). Hydraulic Fracturing & Health. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topic (sample nursing essay examples by the best nursing assignment writing service)s/agents/fracking/index.cfm

National Resources Defence Council (NRDC). (2014). Fracking Fumes: Air Pollution from Hydraulic Fracturing Threatens Public Health and Communities. https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/fracking-air-pollution-IB.pdf

Pearson, C. (2017, September 26). How can we prevent land pollution? https://sciencing.com/how-can-we-prevent-land-pollution-13643508.html

Simsbury CT (SCT). (n.d.). Ten Things You Can Do to Reduce Water Pollution. https://www.simsbury-ct.gov/water-pollution-control/pages/ten-things-you-can-do-to-reduce-water-pollution

Sun, Y., Wang, D., Tsang, D. C. W., Wang, L., Ok, Y. S., & Feng, Y. (2019). A critical review of risks, characteristics, and treatment strategies for potentially toxic elements in wastewater from shale gas extraction. Environment International, 125, 452–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.019

The Conversation. (2015). [A fracking well injects large volumes of water, chemicals, and sand to fracture rock]. https://theconversation.com/hydraulic-fracturing-components-in- Marcellus-groundwater-likely-from-surfaceoperations-not-wells-48873

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2020). EPA’s Study of Hydraulic Fracturing and Its Potential Impact on Drinking Water Resources https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/hfstudy/record display.cfm?deid=332990•

US Department of the Interior. (n.d.). What environmental issues are associated with hydraulic fracturing? https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-environmental-issues-are-associatedhydraulicfracturing?qtnews_science_products=0#qtnews_science_products

Wikipedia. (2012). The Fracking Process. Illustration. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing

World Health Organization. (2006). Community Mobilization: Improving Reproductive Health Outcomes. https://www.who.int/management/community/overall/CommunityMobilization2pgs.pdf

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