Posted: October 20th, 2022

Pathophysiological mechanisms of Exacerbating Acute and Chronic Asthma

Pathophysiological mechanisms of Exacerbating Acute and Chronic Asthma
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Introduction
Asthma is a pulmonary condition that mainly results in either a chronic or acute inflammation of the respiratory system and precisely, the tubes are coupled with tightening of the smooth muscles of the respiratory tract. In some cases, it may be accompanied by episodes of bronchoconstriction. This paper will describe the pathophysiological mechanisms of exacerbating acute and chronic asthma, factors influencing the pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnosis, and mind maps.
Pathophysiological mechanisms of Exacerbating Acute and Chronic Asthma
Establishing the path physiological mechanism that is responsible for each asthma attack is a vital step in determining its aggravation, diagnosis and prescribing the best form of treatment for the patient. The pathway leading to the aggravation of the chronic cancers tends to be, according to most scientists, is termed as the etiological facet of Chlamydia and unrelenting viruses. Some of the necessary conditions for asthma to thrive are viruses and other organisms play a very important role in providing suitable conditions for asthma to thrive. The key mechanism in this aggravation is the viral replication that happens to occur in the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract hence responsible for triggering cytokine release, inflammation, and the massive mucus production. Nonetheless, Chlamydia and the virus are not a cause to the erratic changes in patterns of the arterial blood.
During an asthma attack, blood PaO2 of 100 mm Hg in the arterial veins will only record a slight fall to around 85 mm Hg followed by a slight rise in the PH to 7.45 from it’s initial 7.40 (Casale et al 2016). Regardless of the fact that the processes are necessary for the clearance of the viral infection, they are still coetaneous to the already existing inflammatory condition of the airways that is responsible for igniting symptoms. Furthermore, this means that the immune system is compromised hence making it difficult for it to clear the viruses. Therefore, this causes the pulmonary vein to be infiltrated by asthma inflammation
Studies have shown that asthma is associated with the water levels in the body with regards to the airway epithelial cells which often contribute to a fraction of epithelial and edema damage coupled with hyper-responsiveness. The outcome is not solely constricted to exercise-induced asthma. According to Walsh, Sills and Arnold (2017), during an asthma attack that occurs due to dehydration, the arterial blood patterns exhibit significant changes in the blood PH which could rise to as high as 7.60 while the blood PaO2 reduces significantly in a short period of time to as low as 40 mm Hg coupled with a high rise in PaCO2.
Chronic asthma is escalated by exposure to metal toxicity in the respiratory tract. The common metals that are responsible for both acute self-limiting neutrophil alveoli and chronic obstructive lung disease include zinc, cadmium, copper, and aluminum (Morris, 2016). Eventually, based on the potential of the toxins it may lead to damaging the functional impairment and also the developing of pulmonary fibrosis. Exposure to metals raises the PH levels in the body leading to CO2 content in the blood to rises reducing the Oxygen content.

Factors influencing pathophysiology
Genetics is one of the factors that is associated with asthma and acute bronchitis. Some cases of allergies that may occur due to a genetic factor and an allergic condition can be noticed by a doctor or a caregiver. During this period, medical history and breathing tests are performed by the healthcare practitioner to examine how the patient’s lungs are working. Although there is no cure for asthma, the allergist recommends taking medications that avoid asthma triggers. Corticosteroids are administered daily.
When a person has acute asthma condition, the level of oxygen in the blood reduces rapidly as the patient’s loose instant breath while the CO2 levels rise along with the PH levels in almost the same proportion. In a study including 230 patients, 45% scored high on depression rating taken as depressed (Gelb, Christenson & Nadel, 2016). However, patients with depression had other underlying health-related issues. More so, having intense emotions can simulate asthma symptoms that may include airway reactivity, decreased peak expiratory flow rate, increased respiratory resistance and shortness of breath.
Although asthma is a predominantly a multifactor condition, allergies still remain to be a pressing write my essay risk factor. This is mostly associated with chronic asthma in particular. Asthma, in the case of heredity, speeds up in family history. In this case, the immune system responses to the allergy-triggering factor in the symptoms of asthma. The disruption of the normal epithelial cells may lead triggering a response which explains the common occurrence of allergic responses to the inhalant antigens particularly among people who have been exposed to these agents.

Summary
The above factor has a widespread effect on the path of physiological disorder that present in asthma. Some other factors may include the viruses that provide necessary conditions for damaging the body’s epithelial cells. This might occur when cytokine is triggered causing the release of large production of mucus and spearhead inflammation. Secondly, exposure to toxic metals leads to chronic lung disease and the self-limiting neutrophil that may result in pulmonary fibrosis based on the degree of exposure of the metal agent (Morris, 2016). Thirdly, emotional stress and dehydration results to similar effects because they both expose patients to sudden acute asthma aggravation that involves a decline in peak expiratory flow rate, increased respiratory resistance and shortness of breath.
Dehydration is also a cause of asthma attacks, therefore, an examination involves testing a patient’s water level in which if found that they are dehydrated, it is recommended to take water to boost hydration. For cases of metal toxicity, body fluids and solids are tested for any presence of toxic substances in the body including the bloodstream. Heavy detoxification is therefore conducted. Lastly, cases of viruses and Chlamydia can be tested through conducting epistemological tests in the body by a qualified doctor. Upon their establishment, antibiotics are administered to attack the virus and therefore reduce the risk of asthma.

Acute asthma mind map

Chronic asthma mind map.

References
Casale, T. B., Tashkin, D. P., Lühmann, R., Engel, M., Moroni-Zentgraf, P., &Kerstjens, H. A. (2016). Tiotropium Respimat® Add-on to at Least Ics Therapy Demonstrates Reduced Risk of Severe Asthma Exacerbation and Asthma Worsening in Symptomatic Asthma, Independent of IgE or Blood Eosinophil Levels. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 137(2), AB214. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1287
Gelb, A. F., &Nadel, J. A. (2015).Understanding the pathophysiology of the asthma–chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 136(3), 553-555. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.06.013
Morris M. (2019, February 15). Asthma: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy. Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296301-overview
Walsh, C. G., Sills, M. R., & Arnold, D. H. (2017). Time-dependent severity change during treatment of pediatric patients hospitalized for acute asthma exacerbations. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 118(2), 226-227. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2016.10.021

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