Posted: September 13th, 2022

Factors that might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in a patient

Factors that might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in a patient
Pharmacodynamics is the research of how the physique reacts to medication, whereas pharmacokinetics focuses on how the physique processes the medication. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a drug is set by 4 principal components; physicochemical properties, drug formulation, route of administration, and the charge of excretion.
• Physicochemical properties
Water acts as the provider of medicine by way of the bloodstream. At the website of absorption, medication will need to have some extent of solubility in water for them to be absorbed into the bloodstream. The cell membrane of the double lipid layer construction additionally requires sure medication to be lipid-soluble for them to penetrate by way of the semi-permeable membranes and into the systematic circulatory system. Thus, the absorption charge of a sure drug relies on their diploma of lipid solubility. Until administered by way of an IV, all medication should move by way of a number of semi-permeable membranes earlier than stepping into the bloodstream. Nevertheless, the chemical construction of a drug will be modified to extend its solubility in fat and due to this fact enhance absorption.
• Drug formulation
The formulation of a drug is set by its diploma of dissolution or launch from the dosage type. The diploma of dissolution is set by the drug’s dissolution fixed and the PH of the absorption website. Totally different medication have completely different dissolution ranges, however the similar drug may also have completely different dissolution levels in different elements of the physique due to the various PH situations.
• Route of administration
Medicine will be launched into the physique in many routes which embrace oral ingestion, injection (intravenously or IV), positioned underneath the tongue (sublingually), breathed into the lungs, utilized to the pores and skin (cutaneous), rectal or vaginal insertion, or by way of the pores and skin (transdermally). No matter the type of administration, a drug have to be in a answer state for it to be absorbed into the circulation system. Totally different medication are handiest when administered by way of particular routes. As an illustration, proteins and peptides are principally administered by way of parenteral routes akin to IV due to the giant molecular sizes that forestall them from being absorbed by way of the organic boundaries.
• Charge of excretion
Excretion is the processes by which the drug is damaged down and expelled out of the physique. This position is taken up by the kidneys. Typically, excreted medication will be reabsorbed again into the bloodstream by way of the renal tubules in the kidneys such that the impact of the drug in the physique is extended. Reabsorption happens by way of the urine PH impact, and the alkaline or acidic nature of the medication can intervene with the Ph of the urine affecting the tubular reabsorption of the medication.
Benet, L. Z., Kroetz, D., Sheiner, L., Hardman, J., & Limbird, L. (1996). Pharmacokinetics: the dynamics of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Goodman and Gilman’s the pharmacological foundation of therapeutics, three, e27.
Kantae, V., Krekels, E. H., Van Esdonk, M. J., Lindenburg, P., Harms, A. C., Knibbe, C. A., … & Hankemeier, T. (2017). Integration of pharmacometabolomics with pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: in the direction of personalised drug remedy. Metabolomics, 13(1), 9.
Zhang, Y., & Benet, L. Z. (2001). The intestine as a barrier to drug absorption. Medical pharmacokinetics, 40(three), 159-168.

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