Posted: September 3rd, 2022

Crime theory

Crime theory
Criminologists have developed several theories to better understand the root causes of criminal behavior. Broadly, these theories can be categorized as either biological or sociological in nature.
Biological theories propose that some individuals are predisposed to criminal behavior due to innate factors. In the late 19th century, Cesare Lombroso examined the physical traits of prisoners and claimed to identify common “criminal types” with features like sloping foreheads and receding chins (Lombroso, 1876). While Lombroso’s specific claims have been discredited, more recent biological research has explored links between criminality and genetic inheritance, hormones, brain structure and function, and other physiological variables (Ellis & Walsh, 2000). However, the influence of biological factors is complex and interacts with environmental conditions.
Sociological theories focus more on external social and environmental influences on criminal conduct. Several prominent sociological theories remain influential in criminology today. Rational choice theory proposes that individuals make rational cost-benefit calculations when deciding whether to engage in criminal acts (Cornish & Clarke, 1986). Those who perceive greater rewards and lower risks of punishment are more likely to offend.
Social disorganization theory suggests neighborhoods with high residential instability, ethnic heterogeneity, and poverty have weaker social controls, undermining the ability to self-regulate and increasing crime rates (Shaw & McKay, 1942). Strain theory argues that when societal goals like financial success are emphasized but legitimate means are blocked for some groups, frustration and pressure to commit crimes to achieve those goals results (Agnew, 1992).
Routine activities theory examines how everyday patterns of work, leisure activities, and home life shape criminal opportunities by increasing or decreasing contact between motivated offenders and suitable targets in the absence of capable guardians (Cohen & Felson, 1979). Left realism theory specifically links strain and discontent to economic inequality and marginalization of the lower classes (Lea & Young, 1984).
While no single theory can fully explain all criminal behavior, contemporary criminology recognizes the interplay between biological predispositions and social learning within the environment (Akers & Sellers, 2013). Both nature and nurture influence offending, requiring an integrated biopsychosocial approach. Continued empirical testing and refinement of theories remains important to advance understanding of crime causation.
References:
Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30, 47–88.
Akers, R. L., & Sellers, C. S. (2013). Criminological theories: Introduction, Assessment, and application (6th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Cohen, L. E., & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44, 588–608.
Cornish, D. B., & Clarke, R. V. (1986). The reasoning criminal: Rational choice perspectives on offending. Springer-Verlag.
Ellis, L., & Walsh, A. (2000). Criminology: A global perspective. Allyn and Bacon.
Lea, J., & Young, J. (1984). What is to be done about law and order? Pluto Press.
Lombroso, C. (1876). L’Uomo Delinquente (Criminal Man). Hoepli.
Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1942). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas. University of Chicago Press.

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