Posted: August 11th, 2022

Federal Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement of 1994 Criminal Justice System

Federal Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement of 1994 Criminal Justice System
Select a prison justice based mostly coverage and help its success with idea.
50% of sources peer reviewed.
With addition of:

American Psychological Affiliation. (2019). Publication handbook of the American Psychological
Affiliation (seventh ed.). American Psychological Affiliation. [ISBN: 978-1-4338-3216-1]

Cullen, F., Agnew, F., & Wilcox, P. (Eds.). (2014) Criminological Idea: Previous to Current
Important Readings (fifth Version). Oxford College Press.

Maguire, E.R. & Duffee, D. (Eds.). (2015). Criminal Justice Idea: Explaining the Nature and
Conduct of Criminal Justice (2nd Version). Routledge.

Directions:
Present a short downside assertion of the difficulty that’s addressed on this challenge. (why is the coverage wanted)
Establish an Company the place the coverage/technique might be carried out. (the place positioned, who’s employed, what are the duties)
College students ought to state the coverage/technique they intend to implement, and present a short description of the coverage/technique. Why would the coverage work based mostly on idea? In doing this focus on the pathway by which the intervention might end in optimistic change. For instance, does the intervention have an effect on a change within the perpetrator? Does the intervention maintain a selected weapon away from the perpetrator, making it much less possible that any violence dedicated can be lethal? This dialogue must be based mostly on analysis proof in addition to a idea of prison justice, crime, or criminality.
Word: The coverage technique have to be new to the company or a considerable modification for a method already in place.
Embrace a short dialogue of why the coverage/technique is important and the targets of mentioned coverage/technique to resolve the said downside.
Current one criminology or prison justice idea that might be used to justify the potential success of the coverage/technique, and why this idea is sufficient in explaining the potential effectiveness of program.
What are the anticipated benefits to the company (and society) of the coverage/technique
What are the anticipated disadvantages to the company (and society) of the coverage/technique
present a abstract dialogue outlining the key arguments for the implementation of the coverage/technique.

Write concerning the federal Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement of 1994

Federal Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement of 1994 Criminal Justice System
The US prison justice system has persistently and progressively developed authorized and regulation enforcement insurance policies to deal with present and future points within the course of assembly their completely different targets and aims. The society and prison justice atmosphere are dynamic, and thus the federal authorities retains creating insurance policies in prison justice to counter arising undesirable experiences or advance authorized and regulation enforcement targets. Consequently, insurance policies are developed by session and passing by completely different authorities ranges and companies to make sure that they meet their aims within the prison justice system whereas assembly the widespread good. The prison justice insurance policies make it doable to boost social management, conformity and compliance by the members of society and professionals within the discipline of prison justice. Employees and different related events adhere to prison justice insurance policies to execute their completely different duties. Completely different prison justice insurance policies on juvenile justice, nationwide safety, terrorism, drug laws, new federal immigration legal guidelines, intimate accomplice violence college security and jail overcrowding insurance policies to make sure that the target of the prison justice system (restoration, rehabilitation, deterrence, retribution and incapacitation) is attained. On this regard, the paper will exhaustively handle the federal violent crime management and regulation enforcement of the 1994 prison justice coverage. The coverage might be evaluated and assessed from a prison based mostly idea to guage its success and means to satisfy prison justice aims. The coverage might be evaluated to find out its affect and impact on prison justice companies such because the police (Pritchard, 2009). This strategy permits the institution of the truth that if the coverage can meet its supposed targets within the prison justice system. Moreover, there’s a want for evaluating the benefits and disadvantages the coverage will affect the completely different companies the place will probably be utilized in addition to the arguments for the applying of the coverage. The federal Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement of 1994 as a prison justice coverage have to be successfully evaluated and assessed to determine its significance and applicability in numerous prison justice companies.
Coverage downside assertion
Criminal justice insurance policies come up intending to resolve arising social and authorized issues affecting the prison justice system. Points and issues could come up attributable to new developments in society, or they’ve been within the society, and there’s a want to vary the established order (Mishra, 2014). On this regard, the invoice was launched to deal and management elevated and recurring crimes in society. The coverage was developed for six years to have an acceptable and versatile for underlying difficulty in controlling crime by regulation enforcement companies and the prison justice system.
On this regard, earlier than the coverage was put in place, the prison justice system and the regulation enforcement companies had been underfunded, thus making it unattainable for them to execute their crime management capabilities. Underfunding regulation enforcement and prison justice companies imply that they lack the required assets, gear and instruments to cope with crime, thus growing the crime ranges (Levitt, 2004). On this regard, to manage and successfully deal with crime in regulation enforcement and prison justice companies, there’s a want for adequate funding.
The US prison justice and regulation enforcement departments had been under-staffed in comparison with the inhabitants and ranges of crime. The quantity of personnel in regulation enforcement and prison justice must be immediately proportional to the inhabitants and crime (Levitt, 2004). As an illustration, the federal police quantity was low, making it doable to supply their regulation and order roles and tasks to the People.
Elevated immigration into the US elevated the crime ranges arising from the aliens, and thus the regulation didn’t have provisions to cope with authorized; and social issues attributable to aliens. The financial growth in America elevated the quantity of aliens looking for completely different alternatives, comparable to job alternatives (Levitt, 2004). Law enforcement and prison justice discovered it arduous to cope with aliens concerned in crimes and infringement of different legal guidelines.
The prison justice system lacks efficient management over the manufacturing and dealing with of weapons, resulting in elevated crimes utilizing the weapons (Levitt, 2004). The uncontrolled manufacture and entry of weapons enhance crime ranges, thus overwhelming regulation enforcement and prison justice system companies. Thus, there was a necessity to manage arms and weapons proliferation in American society. The coverage would make it doable to manage firearm licensing, domest5ic abusers and firearms.
The demise penalty lined a couple of crimes comparable to homicide, and thus the elevated grave crimes wanted to be punished beneath the demise penalty. The demise penalty successfully controls crimes by deterrence for concern of penalties (Ellen and O’ReganO’Regan, 2010). On this regard, extra crimes such because the killing of the federal police, drug trafficking, terrorism, driveway taking pictures and carjacking experiences leading to demise wanted to be punished by the demise penalty. The enlargement of the federal demise penalty for over sixty offenses would make it doable to manage crime.
The US regulation didn’t have provisions to deal with crimes arising from new types of commerce arising attributable to commerce and globalization (Ellen and O’ReganO’Regan, 2010). On this case, there had been a surge in crimes associated to telemarketing and new insurance coverage providers. On this, there was a must categorize new crimes, thus increasing the federal jurisdiction. This strategy ensures that crimes had been lined and managed
Moreover, there was a necessity to make use of stiffer penalties on completely different crimes to manage criminals and individuals from committing them by the facet of deterrence. Stiffer penalties entail elevated fines and harsh punishments for crimes (McCarty, Ren and Zhao, 2012). America had skilled a rise in crime that continued, and their individuals concerned in reoffending even after punishments; thus, there was a must instill stiffer punishment in prison justice methods to manage the crimes. As an illustration, the crimes that wanted stiffer punishments included gang crimes (drug trafficking and violent crimes), immigration crimes (alien smuggling, and unlawful reentry after deportation), sexual violence crimes, and repeated intercourse offends.
Company the place the coverage might be carried out
The federal violent crime management and regulation enforcement insurance policies should be employed in courts of regulation throughout the US to make sure that they take acceptable and affordable management and deal with completely different types of crimes. The US has courts in numerous ranges and types, and the adoption of the coverage will improve a big scale utility, thus successfully controlling and dealing with crimes (Kemp, 2007). On this regard, the USA has courts of regulation at federal, state and native ranges throughout the nation. Moreover, differing types of courts embody the Supreme Court docket, Courts of Appeals, Bankrupt Appellate Panels, District Courts, and article I Courts Coverage description that want to include the coverage of their operations. The truth that the courts are unfold throughout the nation and dealing with completely different features and points lined beneath the coverage makes it doable to include the coverage in choice making and providing completely different rulings.
As an company within the prison justice system, the courtroom employs completely different personnel concerned in making selections and giving rulings on completely different authorized issues introduced within the courtroom. There are completely different employees within the courts comparable to judges for the supreme courts, courts of appeals and district courts, jurors, magistrates, regulation clerks, authorized clerks’ courtroom stenographers, and reporters of selections. The completely different courtroom employees has completely different roles and tasks in dealing with crimes, suspects and convicted events (Choper, 2013). The completely different events want to make use of the prison justice coverage within the course of making selections or taking different authorized associated actions to make sure that crimes are successfully managed. In regard to the roles of the completely different events, the decide listens to courtroom circumstances and makes selections and rulings based mostly on the coverage pointers to make sure the crimes are successfully managed. The jury listens to the conflicting events in a courtroom case and decides who to consider or not, thus enabling them to resolve who’s responsible or not. Within the course of listening, the juror notes the features addressed within the coverage; thus, they suggest the suitable ruling for the responsible social gathering to manage the crimes dedicated. The authorized counsel on the plaintiff aspect must current the principles of proof, conduct direct examinations, conduct cross-examination, and consider the suspect credibility and character regarding the coverage to allow the judges to make related selections to manage crimes. The courtroom clerk wants to notice the features lined within the coverage to help the judges and different events in making selections directed in the direction of the management of crimes and criminals. Moreover, the witnesses within the courtroom must make use of the coverage by elevating the problems associated to coverage pointers to make sure that the suspects are convicted, and the decide makes related selections to advertise the management of crimes.
Moreover, the courtroom system throughout the USA will make it doable for different regulation enforcement and prison justice system companies to include the coverage of their operations in coping with crime. The courtroom system is efficient in meting out pointers associated to coverage adherence for the reason that selections and deliberation on the coverage are depending on the courtroom. On this regard, society follows the courtroom within the implementation of the coverage, thus guiding them within the coverage adherence to make sure they abide by it.

The power of the coverage working based mostly on the idea
The federal Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement of 1994 coverage success and operations could be defined by the utilitarian idea of punishment. The utilitarian idea of punishment ensures that criminals are successfully and sufficiently punished for his or her crime, thus deterring them from ever participating in crime in opposition to (Cullen, Agnew and Wilcox, 2006). Moreover, the members of crime or potential criminals might be discouraged from participating in sure crimes for concern of penalties or actions which were beforehand taken on different offenders. The utilitarian idea must be used to make sure that there may be most happiness in society by lowering elements that end in unhappiness among the many bigger society. It’s vital to notice that crime and punishment are inconsistent with societal happiness, and thus it must be saved on the minimal ranges. Quite the opposite, there is no such thing as a crime-free society. Thus, p0ersons concerned in crime and violation of the regulation and making the most important members of the society sad should be inflicted with as a lot punishment and ache to forestall future crimes (Robinson, 2010). Excessive ranges of punishment have penalties for each the members of the society and the offenders because it deters them from being engaged or concerned in crimes, thus successfully controlling crimes. The idea states that the overall good arising from the punishment inflicted on the offender should exceed the evil or crime dedicated. Punishment ought to by no means be limitless appropriately provided to the extent it meets the widespread good by deterring future crimes.
On this regard, the Federal Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement of 1994 coverage beneath the prison justice system successfully align with the utilitarian idea of punishment. The insurance policies search to extend punishments and penalties for various varieties and types of crimes to make sure they will management them by deterring them from participating. On this case, the coverage seeks to deal with new and arising crimes and will not be successfully lined beneath the regulation whereas heightening the extent of ache and punishment within the already current types of crimes (De Caro, 2016). It’s vital to notice that the lesser the persons are more likely to have interaction in that crime, the extent and harshness of punishment concerning an recognized crime. Crimes with lesser punishment individuals contemplate the results, and they’re assured that the crime advantages outweigh the results, and thus they will have interaction in crime with out contemplating the adverse affect it’s going to have on the victims or the bigger society. Within the case that the punishment is harsh and painful, the potential criminals and individuals of the society will contemplate the results, thus deterring them from participating in crime. This strategy prevents and eliminates crime in society, thus maximizing the happiness of society. As an illustration, within the crime of promoting and distribution of crime/drug trafficking, the earlier punishment for it served jail phrases or occasion fines, however the proceeds of the crime would outweigh the punishment. The coverage introduction makes the punishment for drug trafficking equated to the demise penalty, thus deterring individuals from participating within the sale, distribution, or any involvement with medication. Subsequently, the coverage is aligned with the utilitarian idea of punishment that maximizes happiness in society by the elimination and prevention of crimes by harsh punishment that deters criminals or individuals participating in crimes within the curiosity of widespread good.
Criminology/ prison justice idea within the coverage
The operation and success of the Federal Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement of 1994 could be evaluated and accessed prison justice theories such because the deterrence idea. The prison justice idea of deterrence ensures that strict and arduous punishments are taken in opposition to the criminals or potential criminals to forestall them, or the remainder of the society from participating in associated prison exercise. The intention of deterrence is to influence individuals, potential offenders and re-offenders to adapt to the regulation and keep away from violating legal guidelines for the results are extreme (Maguire and Duffee, 2015). The idea of deterrence argues that there are 4 varieties of deterrence, every based mostly on the shape of motion taken to discourage individuals and offenders from participating in crime. On this regard, particular deterrence evaluates the affect a punishment can have on the longer term of an individual’s habits. Basic deterrence evaluates the affect a punishment inflicted on an individual can stop different members of the society from participating in crime. Marginal deterrence evaluates, gauge and weigh the affect of differing types of punishments have in stopping future crimes. The analysis permits the accountable events to comprehend the best punishment for use in deterring particular crimes. Moreover, partial deterrence entails circumstances the place the menace of penalty has deterrent results when somebody engages in against the law (Paternoster, 2010). As an illustration, a prison simply robbing a sufferer and not inflicting hurt on them has completely different punishments in comparison with the case the prison engages in each crimes. In such a case, the crime of robbing and hurting is made very stiffer as in comparison with the crime of simply robing. This strategy deters criminals from going to the acute ends within the course of committing crimes. Researchers argue that common deterrence idea enhances the chance of apprehension and punishment, thus deterring individuals from taking part in crimes. The speed of recidivism is considerably decreased by the adoption of stiff penalties and punishments.
Within the case of the federal Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement of 1994, the coverage makes punishment for various crimes to have elevated certainty, swiftness and severity that makes individuals keep away from violating legal guidelines for concern of the results. The coverage made punishment and sanctions connected prime completely different crimes to be rapid, sure and extreme, thus sending a message to members of the society and potential criminals that crimes wouldn’t be tolerated (Murphy, Bradford and Jackson, 2016). The idea views criminals to not be completely different from the law-abiding residents, however they rationally maximize self-interests in opposition to the constrains in life(economic system) of their society thus participating in crime, and this could, due to this fact, be countered by making the results harder than the life constrains to discourage them from participating in crimes. As an illustration, United States recorded excessive crime charges within the 1990s, however for the reason that enactment of the coverage, crime charges began lowering from 1991 and later declined by 26% for the eight years President Invoice Clinton was within the workplace. President cli8nton claimed credit score for the discount of crime in 1990 owing to the deterrence impact of the newly launched clime discount and regulation enforcement coverage. Subsequently, the coverage will instill robust and stiff penalties within the prison justice system and regulation enforcement methods, thus making a deterrent impact that may instill concern among the many individuals, offenders, re-offenders from committing crimes due penalties connected to committing such crimes or violating the regulation.
The coverage ensured that the prison justice system and regulation enforcement packages and actions had been adequately funded to guard the victims of crime, stopping and controlling the crimes. Elevated funding in prison justice and regulation enforcement companies ensures that professionals in numerous fields can meet their duties consistent with dealing with and prosecution of authorized points and sustaining regulation and order, respectively. On this case, funding was elevated thus guaranteeing that 100,000 new federal officers can be employed to serve within the controlling and prevention of crime, $9.7 billion was directed to the correctional division to that inmate providers wouldn’t be overwhelmed, and $6.1 billion was directed prevention packages to make sure that potential offenders had been inclined to be law-abiding by police packages directed in the direction of the group (Nagin, Solw and Lum, 2015). The elevated funding of authorized, enforcement and social capabilities and packages ensures that completely different authorized and social companies and departments will not be overwhelmed such that they will deal with their mandate in defending and stopping crimes. As an illustration, an extra $2.6 billion additional funding was directed in the direction of the DEA, FBI, INS, Justice departments and the USA Attorneys, Treasury departments and federal courts to make sure that they successfully carried their actions and operation in controlling and stopping crimes.
Coverage benefits to the company or society that applies it
The Federal Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement of 1994 coverage had been launched to cut back and management crime charges throughout the USA. On this regard, the coverage is credited for a variety of advantages regarding lowering crime and bettering the working situations (Mummolo, 2018). On this regard, essentially the most notable profit of the coverage is the numerous discount in 1991 going ahead to the 2000s when the leveling of crime charges was skilled. President Clinton admitted that the coverage at one time brought about 25 years low in crime and a 33 yr low within the homicide charges. Typically, the crime charges on completely different points dropped as a result of invoice operation in controlling crime and criminals. Because the invoice was signed into regulation, crime charges had begun to say no as a result of penalties connected to the completely different crimes. The coverage launched stiff penalties for various crimes, inflicting a deterrent impact that considerably decreased the crime fee.
The coverage made it doable to fund packages and occasions to guard girls in opposition to violence in society. On this regard, there was a rise in violence in opposition to girls throughout the US, thus requiring the coverage to deal with the difficulty within the curiosity of defending girls. On this case, a finances of 1.6 billion was allotted to the Violence Towards Ladies Act (VAWA) to make sure violence in opposition to girls was successfully investigated and demise with thus guaranteeing the security of girls (Hunt, Saunders and Kilmer, 2019). The elevated funding and want to guard girls made the VAWA be renewed within the interval 2000, 2005 and 2013. The renewal of VAW launched the Protected Streets for Ladies Act that elevated federal penalties to these concerned in repeat intercourse offending and made obligatory for restitution for medical and authorized charges related to the crimes. Moreover, battered girls shelters acquired federal grants, a nationwide home violence hotline was launched, and rape protect regulation was included within the Federal guidelines of proof. Subsequently, the coverage ensured that girls safety was improved by stiff punishment for violent offenders and improved authorized and social help.
Coverage disadvantages to company or society that makes use of it
The Federal Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement of 1994 had its share of disadvantages that performed a serious position within the invoice opposition and criticism. On this regard, the coverage is alleged to have brought about mass incarceration attributable to elevated penalties and punishment that made offenders be incarcerated for comparatively lengthy durations. The stiffer penalties imposed by the 1994 coverage meant that there can be a rise in jail phrases for numerous crimes, even within the crimes that could possibly be solved by the settlement of fines (Patton, 2010). Law enforcers had been empowered by the coverage with assets and funding, thus enabling them to fight crime successfully by apprehending and coping with criminals. This reality made the jail inhabitants triple inside 20 years, thus overwhelming the authorities. On this regard, critics argued that the coverage wanted to forestall crimes by enabling former offenders and potential offenders to abide by the federal and state legal guidelines to keep away from incarceration. Subsequently, the coverage solved one downside by creating one other, thus rendering it ineffective.
The coverage is criticized for the controversial provision that overturned the Larger Schooling Act of 1965, which means that inmates would not get larger training whereas incarcerated. Beforehand inmates had been granted grants, thus enabling them to proceed or take larger training programs (Patton, 2010). The introduction of the coverage eliminated the grants, thus eliminating the power of low-income prisoners from accessing faculty training. The coverage made it unattainable for inmates to entry a school training, thus going opposite to the prison justice coverage of rehabilitation that ensures that inmates’inmates’ lives are improved by buying information and expertise that they will use after they full their time period. The rehabilitation ensures that they’ll not have interaction in crime and could be engaged in nation-building. Subsequently, the coverage was criticized for eliminating beneficial properties that had been directed at rehabilitating inmates.
The coverage enactments are considered to have a variety of misplaced priorities that end in conflicts and disagreements between the liberals and conservatives on the measures to be adopted within the prevention and management of crimes (Braga, Weisburd and Turchan, 2018). On this regard, the conservatives argued for the adoption of measures and packages to forestall individuals from participating in crime. However, the liberals advocated for the adoption of punitive measures to discourage individuals from participating in crime. The punitive strategy by the liberals direct so much of funding to inappropriate locations comparable to increasing prisons, discovering police regulation enforcers versus the rehabilitation and group packages that will have a big and long run affect in stopping crime and guaranteeing that abiding by the regulation turns into a norm. Subsequently, the coverage is criticized for inappropriate funding of punitive approaches as a substitute of preventive packages that solely cater to short-term advantages.
Arguments for coverage define
The arguments for the Federal Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement of 1994 are based mostly on the coverage worth regarding controlling and stopping crime in society. Within the controlling and prevention of the crime facet, the prison justice system and regulation enforcement are empowered to deal with and handle crimes by actions and packages of combating it.
1. The punitive strategy adopted within the coverage has important worth within the constant discount of crime. The punitive measures taken on criminals entail justified punishment that calls individuals concerned in wrongdoing to account for his or her crime, thus stopping them and the overall members of the general public from participating in prison acts (Stewart, 2011). The extent of punishment thus determines the deterrence impact of committing crimes.
2. The prevention and prison management by the coverage supplied reassurance that their authorities are in management and [individuals can anticipate regulation and order to be maintained within the society(Stewart, 2011). Within the 1990s, People skilled excessive crime charges, thus life changing into insufferable for them regardless of the presence of a sitting authorities. The coverage introduction permits the federal government to step its mandate and management within the curiosity of the widespread good.
three. The coverage has made it doable for individuals to revive social morality of their lives and actions, thus restoring a steadiness. In 1990, crime charges elevated attributable to societal neglect of very important values as occasioned by the rise in distributive inequality, racism and patriarch. Lack of values inclined members of society to interact in excessive crimes (La Vigne et al., 2011). The countering or crimes had been made doable by the coverage that launched punitive measures that make individuals chorus from crime.
four. The coverage successfully criminalizes wrongs and prescribes acceptable punishment to fight them within the curiosity of the bigger social good. The coverage introduces a authorized framework to decisively cope with criminals concerned in wrongdoings, thus sending a stern warning to different public members that they chorus from crimes (Brown, 2004 ). The criminalization of wrongs ensures that wholesome relations are established in society since criminals are subjected to punitive penalties whereas law-abiding residents are certain to get pleasure from life.
5. The coverage is immediately related with the retributive justice that ensures that punishment causes struggling to individuals concerned in crime (Welsh and Farrington, 2012). The struggling inflicted on criminals justifies the use of prison punishment as launched by the coverage is taken into account to be intrinsically good because it inclines individuals to keep away from violation of the regulation for concern of penalties.
6. The coverage introduces guiding rules to the members of the society on the dos and don’ts. The coverage introduces guidelines and laws that information relationships, and conduct of the individuals within the course of coexistence within the society (Welsh and Farrington, 2012). The coverage introduces stiff penalties for wrongdoing or violation of the regulation and rewards law-abiding residents by an assurance of peaceable life. The guideline ensures that a societal steadiness is restored by punishing criminals by incarcerations and different penalties whereas guaranteeing that different members of the society can lead a standard life.
Conclusion
The Federal Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement of 1994 coverage had been launched to allow the American society to cut back the crime charges by enabling the prison justice and regulation enforcement companies to deal with and stop individuals from participating in crime. The coverage introduces harder penalties for big selection crimes, thus making a deterrence impact regarding participating within the crimes. In 1990 the American society skilled an elevated crime fee, and thus there was a must introduce stiff penalties to counter the crimes within the society. The coverage has skilled its measure of success because it resulted in a discount in crimes since 1991 all by the 2000s, the place the charges leveled. The coverage success could be attributed and defined from the completely different prison justice and criminology idea of utilitarian idea of punishment and the deterrence idea that justifies punishment because it enhances the prevention and management of crimes. Consequently, the courts can successfully implement the coverage for the curiosity of the society by guaranteeing that crime circumstances introduced earlier than them are deliberated consistent with the coverage pointers. Lastly, the coverage has its share of benefits and disadvantages, and thus there’s a must capitalize on the benefits whereas incorporating authorized reforms to cut back the drawback facet.

References
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Affiliation (seventh ed.). American Psychological Affiliation. [ISBN: 978-1-4338-3216-1]
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De Caro, M. (2016). Utilitarianism and retributivism in Cesare Beccaria. Italian LJ, 2, 1.
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Patton, D. E. (2010). Weapons, Crime Control, and a Systemic Method to Federal Sentencing. Cardozo L. Rev., 32, 1427.
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Robinson, P. H. (2010). The Ongoing Revolution in Punishment Idea: Doing Justice as Controlling Crime. Ariz. St. LJ, 42, 1089.
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