Posted: July 1st, 2022

Oversight and Professionalism of Law Enforcement

CJ2017 – James A Fagin

NOTE: IN SOME VERSIONS OF THE TEXTBOOK THE APPROPRIATE CHAPTERS MAY BE ENTITLED:

“An Overview of Law Enforcement….”

“Oversight and Professionalism of Law Enforcement”

Learning Objectives:

1. Be able to describe how law enforcement developed in feudal England

2. Know what the first police agencies were like.

3. Know what the first judicial systems were like.

4. Know the development of law enforcement in America.

5. Analyze the problems of early police agencies.

6. Know the federal law enforcement agencies.

Please READ chapters entitled “Roles and Functions of the Police” and “Police Officers and the Law” of your textbook and then answer the assignment questions listed below.

For this assignment, I would like you to read the assigned chapters of the textbook. After reading the assigned chapter, answer all of the “assignment” questions.

Each question should be answered by at least three or more paragraphs. Written assignments will be graded on the basis of clarity and completeness of your responses. In other words, using sentences and paragraphs, you should endeavor to compose clear, unambiguous responses to each of the questions asked. Good essays should include discernible evidence of your thorough acquaintance with the assigned course readings. English and proper grammar skills will be a major part of your grading. Please include references to, and examples from, course readings wherever appropriate.

All written assignments should be double-spaced, using 12 font, with one-inch margins.

Upon reading the chapter please completed the following questions:

Please read the chapters and then answer the following questions . Late assignments may be charged 5 points per day.

Question One: Discuss the problems confronting today’s police departments. How do these compare to the challenges faced during the early days of policing?

Question Two: Go to the web site, www.fbijobs.gov and research employment information for the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Were you surprised by anything? How “user friendly” did you find this site? Do you feel the requirements were appropriate? What would you change, if you could?

Question Three: Discuss some of the events that occurred between 1960 and 1990 that continue to influence modern policing. Which one, in your opinion, had the most profound impact?

Question Four: Discuss, using specific examples, ways in which technology has changed law enforcement.

Question Five: How does the court’s interpretation of due process affect police practices related to search, arrest, and interrogation? Is the court too strict?

Discussion Question Three: Just about everyone I have met has had bad experience with a police officer (bias, rudeness, “badge heaviness”, etc.). What factors do you think contribute to poor police work? What would you do to change these things?
Oversight and Professionalism of Law Enforcement
Question One: Police problems
Police departments face different challenges that prevent police officers in meeting their civil duties of maintaining law and order. Police officer recruitment processes are marred with a crisis that negatively finding recruits and retained seasoned police officers (Weisburd, Green and Uchida, 2012). In this regard, the good candidates are disqualified by parameters and qualifications set; the screening process is not effective since officers that break the law find their way in the police departments, the officers’ selection standards are not aligned to the societal needs and the recruitment process is marred with personal bias and preference thus preventing good candidates. Therefore ineffective police recruitment makes it possible to have the right police officers in the department.
Police funding and remuneration are marred with challenges, thus negatively affecting police work’s working and operation (Weisburd, Green and Uchida, 2012). In this regard, the police funds are underfunded, thus negatively affecting the different police work. Additionally, the police funding formula lacks prioritizing the aspects that matter, thus negatively affecting police operations, making it ineffective. Problems in police funding and remuneration have resulted in police corruption as police strive to achieve their different needs.
The current police problems have similarities and differences with the past police problems. In the past, police problems were connected with barriers that have been eliminated in the current times with the emergency of technology and innovation (Weisburd, Green and Uchida, 2012). For instance, police communications have been improved with advanced technology. Additionally, current police departments have consistently reduced compared to previous problems due to the emergence of police reforms.
Question two
The surprising thing about the Federal Bureau of Investigation is that it covers a wide range of crimes, whether big or small. In this regard, the website documents the crimes and persons involved in the various crimes. The different crimes covered and the parties involved in them include fugitives, terrorism, kidnappings, and robberies.
The FBI website is user friendly as it enhances effective interaction and relations with the users. The website’s user-friendly ness is made possible by the features and aspects of the website, such as the most wasted, New, What we investigate, and services. These aspects make work easy for the user such that they just need to click on the aspect of the website they want.
Additionally, some changes need to be effected on the website to make it effective. In this regard, the website needs to have an online chat room on the website to ensure that users can have directly engaged the bureau on crime aspects, such as reporting crimes and getting clarifications. This approach ensures that users can get instant feedback on their queries.
Question three
The past event between 1960 and 1990 has significantly improved modern policing through reforms and improvements. The civil unrest of the 1960s has changed how the police handle and address demonstrations (Soule and Davenport, 2009). In 1963 police were involved in attacking peaceful civil rights protestors using horses and dogs. Additionally, in 1970 police killed college protesting students in Jacksonville, Mississippi. The events have made the modern police respect the rights of the protestors by observing human rights.
In 1980, riots and urban conflict between the police and the public members had greatly widened the lift between the police and the community. Police were brutal in approaching social crimes. The police administration operations were negatively affected by police budgets (Soule and Davenport, 2009). In this regard, the police and the community’s poor relations have been mended by redefining the role of police in the community, thus improving community policing.
Before 1990, police departments were marred with unprofessionalism and non-diversity, thus negatively affecting police work. In 1990 the police intellectual quality increased dramatically. The standard of police advanced and police became diverse by admitting candidates from various races and genders while a civilian review was integrated into the policing work (Soule and Davenport, 2009). In this regard, the police department’s adoption of police professionalism and diversity was the most effective change in the police department that ensured that positive police reports were adopted across the various departments.
Question four
Different technologies have been adopted in police law enforcement work to positively affect police operations. The artificial intelligence has positively improved the police work and operations. There has been an expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) means that data is generated, collected and analyzed, thus valuably contributing to law enforcement (Koper, Lum and Willis, 2014). Big data used in Artificial intelligence have enhanced predictive policing. Predictive policing is achieved through deep learning algorithms and programs that predict crime before they happen, thus ensuring that crimes are effectively countered.
Drones technology has effectively improved police operations, ensuring that law and order are effectively achieved (Koper, Lum and Willis, 2014). The drones are also called the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are used by law enforcers to gain aerial vantage points for crime scene operations, crowd monitoring, accident reconstruction and search and rescue efforts. Drones have made the police to successfully conduct their operations.
Additionally, law enforcement’s biometric recognition technology enables the identification of criminals and links them with their criminal acts in their investigations (Koper, Lum and Willis, 2014). The police’s biometrics include heartbeats, fingerprints, voice recognition, wrist veins, palm prints, gait analysis, and iris recognition. Comprehensive electronic databases ensure that DNA and biometric data are used in the identification of suspects and criminals.
Question five
The adoption and adherence to the law’s due process have reformed the search, arrests and interrogation process (Skinns, 2012). In this regard, the arresting following the due process takes the following of the legally accepted procedures. In this case, the arresting officer must have personally observed the crime, there must be a probable cause for the arrest and the police must be having an arrest warrant from a judge or a court of law.
The due process adopted in conducting searches by law enforcers is guided by the Fourth Amendment of the United States constitution (Skinns, 2012). The fourth Amendments ensure that personal privacy is protected, and the citizens are free from unreasonable government intrusion in property, businesses and homes. In this regard, the police searching must possess a search warrant, and the search must arise from a probable cause.
The police interrogation needs to follow the due process to ensure the information and evidence gathered is admissible in a court of law (Skinns, 2012). In this case, the person being interrogated must be given the Miranda warnings. The interrogated person must be given their rights. When the person is interrogated request for a counsel, they must be provided with one. Additionally, the due process in searches, arrests and interrogations is not strict, but they aim to ensure that justice, equity and fairness in the parties involved in a court case.
Discussion Question Three
Different factors have contributed to poor police work. The factors include poor management, inadequate policing equipment and tools, excessive overtime, and inadequate remuneration corruption. In this regard, the factors resulting in poor police work can be countered using police reforms. The different police reforms include having effective police welfare, incorporating public participation in police work, upholding high levels of accountability and improving police service through changing police curriculum.

References
Koper, C. S., Lum, C., & Willis, J. J. (2014). Optimizing the use of technology in policing: Results and implications from a multi-site study of the social, organizational, and behavioural aspects of implementing police technologies. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 8(2), 212-221.
Skinns, L. (2012). Police custody: governance, legitimacy and reform in the criminal justice process. Routledge.
Soule, S., & Davenport, C. (2009). Velvet glove, iron fist, or even hand? Protest policing in the United States, 1960-1990. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 14(1), 1-22.
Weisburd, D., Green, L., & Uchida, C. (Eds.). (2012). Police innovation and control of the police: Problems of law, order, and community. Springer Science & Business Media.

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