Posted: June 6th, 2022

Topic 1: Power and Legitimacy

Art Final
Part 1 is the same as the other unit exams, and is based on material covered since Unit Exam 4.
Part 2 is additional for the final exam, and asks you to take a comprehensive view of major themes covered in the course.

Part 1
Answer 3 of the following 4 questions. Your answer should be 250-500 words, or 1-2 double-spaced pages. Discuss at least 3 objects or monuments in each answer. Identify the objects as clearly as possible, provide a name and date if known.

Question 1: How did Byzantine and Islamic architects manipulate the design (structural and decorative) of mosques and churches to heighten the religious experience of the faithful? What did their approaches have in common? How did they differ? Use at least three specific examples to support your argument.

Question 2: How did northern (British and Irish) Early Medieval European illuminated manuscripts differ from those produced in France and Germany? What artistic traditions influenced the development of each type? Use at least three specific examples to support your argument. Note: For this question, “Early Medieval” means 500-1000 C.E., as covered in Chapter 11 of your textbook.

Question 3: According to your textbook, “English Gothic churches, such as the cathedrals at Salisbury, Wells, Exeter, and Gloucester, cannot be mistaken for French ones.” Why not? Discuss the major differences between the two types. Use at least three specific examples to support your argument.

Question 4: What major developments in engineering took place during the Romanesque and Gothic periods? How did this impact the design of churches? Use at least three specific examples to support your argument. Note: You may focus your answer on a specific region if you like.

Part 2
Write on one of these two topics. Your answer should be about 500-750 words, or 2-3 double-spaced pages.

Topic 1: Power and Legitimacy

Throughout different cultures and time periods, those in power (kings, queens, emperors, warlords, etc.) have used art to legitimize their power and rule over others. Sometimes, they do this by using the artistic traditions of past rulers and cultures in their art. Discuss five different examples of rulers who have expressed their power in this way. Why do we see this trend repeating throughout time? Is this an effective method of expressing power? Why or why not? Use 5 specific examples, each from a different exam unit, in your answer.

Topic 2: Connectivity

Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Near East have always been interconnected and interdependent. The history of art reveals consistent, deeply-rooted, and wide-reaching networks of communication that spanned temporal, spatial, and cultural barriers. Words like ‘influence’ or ‘imitation’ oversimplify and misrepresent the complexities of this connectivity and often ignore context. Choose five objects or monuments that are ‘entangled’ with the traditions and ideas of different times and places. What kinds of cultural conversations are represented in these objects? What do you think is the best way to explain them? Use 5 specific examples, each from a different exam unit, in your answer.
Art Final
Part 1

Question 1:
Islamic arts are traced back in the seventeenth century, which are inspired by Byzantine, Christian arts, Asian styles, and other styles, such as Sassanian art (Gardner, and Kleiner, 2015). Some of the everyday Islamic, and Byzantine architects that manipulate the design of mosques and churches, include the five pillars of Islam, which heightens the religious experience, and an act of worship. The five pillars include the shahadah, the sawm Ramadan, Zakat, the hajj, and Salat. Each pillar has a religious meaning; for instance, the Zakat represents charitable giving, Salat represents the prayers as a form of worship, while Shahadah represents confessions and belief of faith.
Additionally, the use of designs such as vegetable designs and geometric flooring. Designs such as the arabesque is a religious symbol that symbolize the invisible nature of God (Gardner, and Kleiner, 2015). The mistakes discovered in the representative nature of the designs symbolized the imperfection in human beings and the fact that only God is perfect. Another design is the calligraphy design used to decorate the walls, with religious inscription verses. On the other hand, calligraphic were use to represent quranic verses, which are written in objects, such as tiles, coins, and metals.
The Islam and Byzantine architectures are both a form of culture and religion. Byzantine art designs are used for religious expressions, which were developed early by the basilica church in Italy in the tenth century, earlier before the Islamic arts (Gardner, and Kleiner, 2015). The Byzantine architectures have inspired some religions, including Islamic, such as using the byzantine dome. The mosaics, and the icons, were used to decorate the inside of the temple; for instance, the use of mosaic was religious since the designs and architecture s represented the word of God, similar to the Islam use of calligraphy.
The approaches have several features in common: the use of nature and a similar sequence of innovation. Both the architectural designs were used to glorify God and met both the spiritual, cultural, and physical needs of the rulers. For instance, the Islamic and Christian architectures represented power and faith (Gardner, and Kleiner, 2015). The dome of the rock is one of the similar architectures and approaches used in both Islamic and Christian church, such as the holy tomb. The iconography, however, is similar, such as the octagonal structure used in both religious architectures. Also, the use of mosaic and tilling, although the difference is spotted, is the Islamic failure to use human figures because they believed that animal and human figures were a form of idolatry, which was not acceptable Islamic.

Question 2:
The medieval European illuminated manuscripts were made of monasteries as a primary communication method between the nuns and the monks, including other arts in the medieval period, such as metalwork, stained glass, and ivory carvings (Gardner, and Kleiner, 2015). However, the illuminated manuscripts were inspired by religion, such as the iconography traditions of the Byzantine and Roman empires. The illuminated manuscripts were written on pigments and vellum, which originated from Northern Europe. An illuminated script was used mainly for s decorations and communication through miniature illustration and initials.
The manuscripts, however, were made from animal skin, such as goatskin, and painted by nuns and monks (Gardner, and Kleiner, 2015). On the other hand, the eliminated manuscripts were used for missionary purposes, although very expensive due to the materials used to make the pages. Especially considering the fact printing an animal picture required a new page. The medieval European manuscript differs from those made in France and Germany despite being used to convey information. The medieval manuscripts were written on animal skin and written through a complex process, which required the materials to be soaked in a lime solution and dried.
The medieval manuscripts consisted of texts, such as illustrations, musical notations, and initials (Gardner, and Kleiner, 2015). France and the German manuscript used at least three specific examples to support your argument fine, consisting of astronomical tables and texts concerned with planets and historical initials, especially Christian initials, such as the commentaries of the psalms. The England manuscript is dated back to the fifteenth century and in the sixteenth century. In German and France manuscripts, the texts are made of regular-sized book letters, where the texts are in two columns. In contrast, in the medieval illuminated manuscript, the text had no arrangement since every new page, and commentary was done separately. On a new page, and commentary was different in each section. The German and France manuscripts were printed in copper engravings and woodblocks, which is different from the illuminated manuscript. The illuminated manuscript was decorated using animals, women, and men in the wild. On the other side, German manuscripts used very few words and more pictures in promoting the gospel, which was similar to the illuminated manuscript, which focused on decorative pictures. Also, both used light colors in painting and painted in a cursive hand.

Question 3:
The Gothic churches dominated between the one thousand to late one thousand three hundred century. The English Gothic Catholics and the french church have some differences based on the types of architectures used, which emphasize spatially. The difference is mostly evidence when it comes to height and other differences vertical and horizontal. The gothic cathedral is considered high, about eighty-two feet from the floor, while the french cathedrals are very long and high of about one hundred t two hundred feet from the ground (Gardner, and Kleiner, 2015). Another difference is that the french cathedrals were made of glass and flying buttresses, making the buildings lighter, which, compared to Gothic cathedrals. In addition, the France cathedrals use vault shafts, which Help in emphasizing the height.
The two churches are different in terms of tectonics, rationalism, and simplicity, where the french church is more simple than the Gothic catholic. The Gothic Catholics are considered complex and use some compositional lines and architectural decors. The french catholic is considered an inspiration of the English Gothic catholic architecture, hence carry several similarities despite the differences between the designs used and the structure.
Another difference between France and the Gothic cathedral churches was that the french churches were built in the center of the city, while the Gothic cathedral church was built in the grass and treed areas. Also, there was a difference like the entrance in the Narthex, where France churches used three charge doors with stone carvings, while Gothic cathedral used doors that are simple and not overemphasized and rose windows. Finally, the French churches were built with towers with pointed tops, different from the Gothic catholic churches that do not have towers but a bell tower.
Question 4:
The types of architecture in the Romanesque and Gothic periods were based on roman architectural designs and structures (Gardner, and Kleiner, 2015). The architectures were gothically inspired, where the houses made during this period were dark, haunted houses. Gothic and romanesque architecture were used to built churches in France and Britain. For instance, the use of pointed anarchy is considered to have been inspired by Islam architecture.
The development involved the construction of the Romanesque churches, which used drum-like columns. Also, the Gothic and Romanesque periods inspired the construction of churches, castles, fortifications, and some stone works. The romanesque inspired designs of churches, especially the roman catholic church. However, the churches were inspired by the designs; for instance, most churches used large windows designs developed on walls (Gardner, and Kleiner, 2015). Also, the use of the catenary circle instead of the classic la arch while constructing the churches. Also, Gothic architecture and romanesque inspired the use of mortar and naves, which were to be used to tap more light, especially with the high medieval Gothic cathedrals. Also, the use of arches and vaults, which were circular in designing churches. Some of the romanesque cathedrals include the impressive churches, the massive and solids made of architectures inspired by Romanesque and Gothic engineering, and geometrical logic.

Part Two
Topic 1: Power and Legitimacy
Several rulers used art to legitimize power and as a service of power (Gardner, and Kleiner, 2015). Power was also used as a form of elitism, for instance, rulers being distributed in coins, medals, and several portraits representing their power. Some of the rulers include Maximilian, a Roman emperor, Franz Joseph, an emperor from Australia, and Dun King. Sun king image is, however, drawn on the gates of a versatile and royal portrait of rulers such as Peter Paul Ruben and Anthony Van Dyk. The currencies presidents in the united states are also printed on currencies. Like in the past, royal portraits have been used as a proper context to legitimize politics (Gardner, and Kleiner, 2015). Also, the portray represents dynasties, such as line kinship and lineage in leadership. For instance, today, Komo Helmet Mask is a portrait in Ghana used to glorify the ruler based on the characteristics of the portraits. The expression of power through art has been carried to the current age, where today, rulers are expressed in the form of art, for instance, being printed on office, and business portrait, being printed on coins, and clothing.
Over the years, rulers use several ways to legitimate powers and claim authority among the subjects (Gardner, and Kleiner, 2015). The rulers taught people to obey rulers and provide quality leadership. For instance, applying religious powers and ideas to legitimize the subjects, such as the divine right, the use of Safavid of the Shiism, and the proactive of human sacrifice. Many rulers expressed their powers in several ways, such as the Chinese emperor used confusion rituals to legitimize their rule. The rulers include the Augustus of the prima portal, prince Khurram, Qianlong emperor, and napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon Bonaparte was a french ruler who made himself into the position. Also, the bodhisattva mafijusrt of the Qianlong empire promoted Chinese values. On the other hand, Augustus of prima portal wanted to be in power to maintain the patrician families and used his powers at the expense of the republicans. Augustus was only supported b the monarchists and not the conservatives.Many rulers used art to legitimize power and in service of power.
Power was also used as a form of elitism, for instance, rulers being distributed in coins, medals, and some portraits representing their power. Some of the rulers include Maximilian, a Roman emperor, Franz Joseph, an emperor from Australia, and Dun King. Sun king image is, however, drawn on the gates of a versatile and royal portrait of rulers such as Peter Paul Ruben and Anthony Van Dyk (Gardner, and Kleiner, 2015). The currencies presidents in the united states are also printed on currencies. Like in the past, royal portraits have been used as a proper context to legitimize politics. Also, the portray represents dynasties, such as line kinship and lineage in leadership. For instance, today, Komo Helmet Mask is a portrait in Ghana used to glorify the ruler based on the characteristics of the portraits. The expression of power through art has been carried to the current age, where today, rulers are expressed in the form of art, for instance, being printed on office, and business portrait, being printed on coins, and clothing.

Reference
Gardner, H., & Kleiner, F. S. (2015). Gardner’s Art through the ages: A global history. Nelson Education.

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