The Scientific Revolution Enlightenment

Scientific Revolution Aristotle and Claudia Ptolemy 16th century science was based mostly on their conclusions Geocentric mannequin: Earth is movement much less different planets revolve round it Epicycles- Polymers thought circles inside circles Crystalline spheres: heavens are product of a weightless substance permitting them to maneuver Medieval thinkers used Aristotle and Ptolemy ideology right into a Christian framework Thomas Aquinas makes use of Unmoved Mover idea to verify G-ad’s existence Medieval thinkers believed their speculation however had been not sure as to why the earth was within the middle, salvation can solely OCCUr on earth so g-d positioned it there-?one prepare of thought Arithmetic and science turned the solutions to fixing Earth’s mysteries Nicolas Copernicus (1473- 1543) Heliocentric mannequin: solar in middle, round (epicycle) orbit round On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres: idea printed 1543 Critics disagree stating it’s UN-Christian and illogical Disagreed with their theology predominant leaders in opposition to it: martin Luther, john Calvin 1 ; If corp.

. Appropriate church and bible are fallacious new course of pondering that is solely a idea, doesn’t have mathematical instruments to show this concept Itchy Courageous (1546- 1601)Danish astronomer Doesn’t have a telescope however has a lab and finds very exact information 1572- discovers new star 1577- discovers comet Johannes Keeper (1571- 1630) Helpant to TUB New Astronomy (1609) Legal guidelines of Planetary Movement 1: elliptical orbits 2: velocity of planet in bigger orbit is slower – velocity of planet in smaller orbit quicker three: farther from the solar slower orbit Keepers legislation present the foundations of Newton’s Legal guidelines of Gravity Galileo Galilee (1564- 1642) First to make use of the telescope: Help for heliocentric idea Bible unreliable supply Dialogue on Two Chief Techniques of the World (1632) – index of prohibited kooks: -earth rotates on an axis and earth revolves across the solar Condemned by Catholic Church-?home arrest Pendulum, rules of inertia. Covers objects of various weight fall on the identical velocity By the middles of the 1 seventh century, the brand new science turns into an more and more Protestant and northern Europe phenomenon Argued that nature was chilly, rational, mathematical and mechanistic Laid basis for the fashionable research of mechanics-?basis for Newton Isaac Newton (1642- 1727) Universe is mathematical, empirical, sensible, no miracles Calculus, idea of gravity, gravitational pull Keepers three Legal guidelines of Planetary Movement turns into Newton’s Legal guidelines of Movement Inertia, acceleration, for each motion that’s an equal and reverse response Principia Mathematical (1687) combination of science and math -Common gravitation: planets and star transfer b/c of gravity, gravity: why planets transfer in an orderly moderately than chaotic sass each scientist regarded as much as Newton Cornelius Itchy Courageous Johannes Keeper (arithmetic) Newt.Collectively “shatter” geocentric idea Pure Philosophy (Trendy Science) Try to grasp the workings of nature and the construction of the universe Scientific Revolution: reaches its fruits with Newton and his endings Biology, Chemistry, and Medication: higher advances in physics and astronomy in 16 and 17 Andrea Versatile: The Construction of the Physique (1543), dissection studying about anatomy William Harry: blood circulation (1628) Robert Bayle: father of recent chemistry, distinction between chemical parts, compounds, and reactions. Scientific Reasoning and Logic/ Philosophy Responds to science Scientists and philosophers see universe as a ruled common legal guidelines that may be seen, and found with rational inquiry and experiment Francis Bacon (1561- 1626) Lord Chancellor of England “l will put a brand new path to mental discovery’Simply because an thought has been round for some time doesn’t make it legitimate Realizing: secured by expertise and information Nova Organza (New Methodology): what we will know is proscribed to what we will run experiments on Causes of Human Error: Idols of the Tribe, Idols of the Cave, Idols of the Market, Idols of the Theatre Desk of discovery: Experiments Lucifer: uncover information concerning the globe Experiments fructified: experiments that show issues fallacious Inductive reasoning to seek out conclusions Small items of experiments and drawing bigger conclusions from them If on observes sufficient apples falling from a tree can conclude apples fall, not tideway’s Construct up information to construct up logical conclusion-? inductive reasoning Human Philosophy psychology constructing blocks Rene Descartes (1596- 1650) Founder of recent philosophy Rationalism/ philosophy of the thoughts: understanding world based mostly on purpose Discourse on Methodology most well-known (1636) and Meditation on First Philosophy (1636) The Dread Argument/ Deceiving G-d Argument/ Evil Demon Argument: all he is aware of is fake and may very well be false If we will’t belief our senses to convey true details about the world round us then we will’t belief the conclusions we’ve made on the grounds of that sense notion Thought recess: sensory information is fake my thoughts is actual “l suppose due to this fact I’m” -?> G-d is then additionally actual and He’s not tricking us concerning the World -?> sensory information is just not false, use math and purpose to seek out fact Fact is within the thoughts a human is a relaxation cogitations (pondering factor) not an relaxation extents (prolonged factor) Cartesian Dualism: thought of actuality “cogitator ergo sum” (l suppose due to this fact I’m”) G- d unique cogitator himself, permits clear pondering Greatest strategy to perceive bodily World is thru math and purpose Deductive reasoning: logic and purpose to seek out the reality The fashionable Scientific Methodology Induction (Francis Bacon- inductive) EmpiricismDeduction (Desecrate deductive m) Rationalism Shifting from the precise to the overall Begins with the overall and ends with the precise Carol’s Linnaeus: labeled crops and animals by gees and species William Gilbert: electrical expenses in substances Ben Franklin: Recognized electrical energy in lightning an invented lighting rod Alexandra Vote: storage battery, harness electrical energy because of battery New Science Royal Society for Bettering Pure Information, London 166 French Academy of science, 1 666 Berlin Academy/ Prussian Academy of Science, Berlin 17 The Enlightenment The Enlightenment (1700- 1800) Deism: G-d as divine watchmaker doesn’t get entangled (most distant) John Tolland Christianity Not Mysterious -coined time period deism Pantheism: G-d is all the things (all the things is identical) and all the things is G-d (extra excessive) Monism: all the things is unified by a single substance Department sipping (1632- 1677) Ethics: disprove Descartes Dualism (thoughts is separate from matter) Substance: is a substance (interior being or essence) Modes: beings and all the things ( expression) No good and evil, solely perspective State of Nature: anarchy or fixed state of warfare concern of chaotic Social Contract: settlement made to take care of social order and peace ThomasHobbes (1588- 1679) Pessimistic believed people are unhealthy Leviathan: 1651 advocates absolutism, transfer away from what the concern and in the direction of wishes Basic need is survive Likes absolutism Dislikes Anarchy Man should choose dominated: absolutism (solely proper gobo) and safety free: anarchy and concern Unhealthy and lack a grasp Quit energy to leviathan so he can shield us John Locke (1632- 1 704) Optimistic Essay Regarding Human Understanding: Concept of Tabular Rasa -blank slate -knowledge from experiences -environment results human conduct -society progresses with schooling Two Treatises of Civil Authorities (1690) In state of nature Pl.

Are equal and good Social contract-Pl. Arm authorities protects pure rights (liberty property happiness) Insurrection: violation of rights Constitutional authorities is supported Biases Pascal (1623- 1662) Reunite science with faith Mystical experiences permits Pascal’s Wager: higher to imagine then to not, achieve you achieve all, free you free nothing Pennies (Ideas) Witch Craft!!! 70,000- 10,000 girls sentenced girls older, widows 80% aged 1700 finish of witch craze conventional beliefs and fears lead to witch panics and craze Voltaire (François Marie Route) (1694- 177) Constitutional monarchy > French absolutism teeters on the English: contrasted English political liberty and mental independence with Frances “tyranny and bondage” Letters are the primary sparks within the French Revolution Enlightened Despotism: visitor at Potsdam in court docket of Frederick the Nice, type Of absolutism , looses favor with him and is exiled from Prussia.