Posted: May 12th, 2022

Integrating human rights approaches into public health practices

Integrating human rights approaches into public effectively being practices

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Open Entry

Integrating human rights approaches into public effectively being practices and insurance coverage insurance policies to deal with effectively being desires amongst Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh: a scientific consider and meta-ethnographic analysis Nidhi Wali1*, Wen Chen2, Lal B. Rawal3, A. S. M. Amanullah4 and Andre M. N. Renzaho5

Abstract

Background: The Rohingya people of Myanmar are one of many persecuted communities on the planet and are compelled to flee their home to flee battle and persecution. Bangladesh receives the overwhelming majority of the Rohingya refugees. On arrival they experience varied human rights factors and the extent to which human rights approaches are used to inform public effectively being purposes is simply not successfully documented. The aim of this systematic consider was to doc human rights- human rights-related effectively being factors and to develop a conceptual human rights framework to inform current protection observe and programming in relation to the desires of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh.

Methods: This systematic consider was carried out using the 2015 Hottest Reporting Devices for Systematic Assessments and Meta-Analysis suggestions. Eight computerized databases had been searched: Instructional Search full, Embase, CINAHL, JStor, Pubmed, Scopus, SocIndex, and Proquest Central along with grey literature and Google Scholar. Of a whole of 752 articles retrieved from the eight databases and 17 analysis from grey literature, 31 analysis met our inclusion requirements.

Outcomes: Using meta-ethnographic synthesis, we developed a model that helps understand the linkages of various human rights and human rights-related effectively being issues with Rohingya refugees. The model highlights how insufficient structural components, poor dwelling circumstances, restricted mobility, and lack of working rights for extended intervals of time collectively contribute to poor effectively being outcomes of Rohingya refugees.

Conclusion: This consider provides a human-rights technique to frame actions every at program and protection stage in a sustained method to cope with the effectively being desires of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. Such protection actions will cope with discovering long term choices for integrating the Rohingya inhabitants whereas addressing their fast rights state of affairs.

Trial registration: This systematic consider has not been registered.

Key phrases: Bangladesh, Properly being, Human rights, Rohingya, Refugees, Refugee camps, Statelessness

• Correspondence: N.Wali@westernsydney.edu.au 1Humanitarian and Enchancment Assessment Initiative, School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney Faculty, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia Full itemizing of creator data is obtainable on the end of the article

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Wali et al. Archives of Public Properly being (2018) 76:59 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-018-0305-1

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Introduction The worldwide refugee catastrophe has led to a sharp improve inside the number of forcibly displaced inhabitants from 59.5 million in 2014 to 65.6 million in 2016 [1, 2]. Furthermore, United Nations Extreme Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) esti- mates that in any case 10 million people had been stateless or at a hazard of statelessness in 2016 [2]. Whereas the time interval “refugee” is used to elucidate any particular person unable or unwilling to return to their home nation attributable to a well-founded fear of being persecuted [3], a stateless particular person is someone who’s simply not thought-about as a nationwide by any state beneath the operation of its regulation [4]. Accessing main rights equivalent to healthcare, em- ployment, education and freedom of movement is often im- doable for stateless people. Lack, denial or lack of nationality underlies the exclusion of affected individuals from membership domestically, to the aim of insti- gating discrimination and oppression in certain situations. [2, 4] The Rohingya people of Myanmar are one among many lar-

gest groups of stateless refugees on the planet [5] ac- counting to 1 in seven of the worldwide inhabitants of stateless people [6]. Majority of the Rohingya individuals will not be thought-about to be residents by the Myanmar Govern- ment, which argues that Rohingya individuals are initially from Bangladesh [7, 8]. With a view to stay away from battle and persecution, Rohingya refugees have been fleeing Myanmar in large numbers to shut by worldwide areas, primar- ily Bangladesh, Malaysia and Thailand. Bangladesh has been the favored trip spot for Rohingya refugees because of shut proximity and matching religion [9]. Since 1948, Bangladesh has hosted a majority of Rohingya ref- ugees as they bought right here to Bangladesh in three essential in- fluxes in 1977–78, 1992 and 2016–17 [10, 11]. Initially the Authorities of Bangladesh (GoB) positively obtained the Rohingya refugees and provided sufficient help along with help, short-term shelters, meals, medical care, and sanitation. However, after 1992 influx of over 250,00zero refugees, the GoB tried a giant scale repat- riation of Rohingya refugees once more to Myanmar. Since this repatriation was not completely voluntary, a lot of the repatriate Rohingya refugees returned once more to Bangladesh inside a decade publish repatriation [5, 12]. Consequently, Rohingya refugees coming into Bangladesh

after 1992 weren’t formally acknowledged as refugees by the GoB and whatever the repeated influx of Rohingya ref- ugees coming into Bangladesh solely spherical 33,00zero Rohingya are recognised as official registered refugees and reside in two official UNHCR-led official camps in Cox Bazaar district [13]. Whereas larger than 200,00zero unregistered refu- gees dwelling in unofficial makeshift camps [13]. Addition- ally, present improve in violence in Myanmar has triggered large numbers of Rohingya refugees to cross the border to Bangladesh, making all the number of new arrivals to 620,00zero in November 2017 [11], most of whom are undocumented refugees.

With larger than twenty years of regular camp settle- ments, the current Rohingya refugee state of affairs in Bangladesh has change into one of many protracted on the planet [9]. Bangladesh is simply not a signatory to the 1951 Refu- gee Convention or its 1967 Protocol and neither is it event to the 1954 and 1961 Convention on Statelessness [5]. The poor socioeconomic state of affairs in Bangladesh with poverty, over inhabitants and susceptibility to pure di- sasters and native climate change extra complicates discovering a sturdy reply for the Rohingya refugees inside the space [14, 15]. The principle goal of program and protection has been to pro- vide fast time interval help Help with an absence of emphasis on discovering long term choices to ensure security and integration of Rohingya refugees. Whereas UNHCR and completely different humanitarian actors are able to entry and Help solely 10% of the estimated Rohingya refugee inhabitants, these residing inside the makeshift settlements or dwelling as un- documented refugees dwell in emergency-like circumstances and have been acknowledged as ‘people of concern’ by the UNHCR [5]. Whether or not or not dwelling in makeshift settlement or registered camps or in space individuals areas, the Rohin- gya refugees have been deprived of their main human rights of healthcare, employment, education and freedom of movement. They have been matter to miserable dwelling circumstances marked by publicity to violence, native hostility, and quite a few kinds of discrimination [9]. These circumstances have moreover essential public effectively being implications for the Rohingya refugees, the place the World Properly being Organisation (WHO) has graded the present effectively being state of affairs in Cox Bazaar at stage three i.e. one of the best doable emergency state of affairs [16]. No matter these challenges, there’s restricted understand-

ing of the difficult interplay of human rights factors and effectively being outcomes and an absence of an relevant human rights framework to inform public effectively being interventions. This analysis objectives to comprehensively doc and re- view human rights-related effectively being issues with Rohingya ref- ugees dwelling in Bangladesh. Thus it makes an try and develop a human rights framework that will operate a terrific device for program and protection for improved effectively being outcomes.

Methods Search method For the goal of this analysis, effectively being is printed as the overall well-being [17]. Article 23 of UNHCR’s 1951 Convention, mandates that refugees are to have guaran- teed entry to public help suppliers, along with effectively being, on par with host nation residents [18]. Conceptualised ac- cording to the 2015 Hottest Reporting Devices for Sys- tematic Assessments and Meta-Analysis suggestions [19], this systematic consider thought-about every peer reviewed and grey literature [20, 21]; and included a combination of blended methods, qualitative and quantitative. An inventory of associated textual content material phrases and/or corresponding managed

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vocabulary in response to each database was generated and used to comprehensively search eight computerized bibliographic databases: Instructional Search full, Embase, CINAHL, JStor, Medline, Scopus, SocIndex, and Proquest Central. The subsequent combination of matter headings and key phrases had been used: Equal correct* [MeSH/Subject Heading] OR Properly being OR

Human correct OR Human correct violation* OR exploit- ation of human* OR human trafficking. AND Refugee*[MeSH/Subject Heading] OR Rohingya girls

OR Rohingya refugee OR Burmese refugee* OR Rohingya Muslim. AND Bangladesh* [MeSH/Subject Heading] OR Bangladesh

space* OR Bangladesh refugee camp*. Furthermore, key phrases had been used for trying grey

literature in key organisations internet sites, along with of Ain o Salish Kendra (ASK)- A Approved help and Human Rights Organisation, Amnesty Worldwide, Asian Human Rights Charge, Bangladeshi Pink Crescent Society- Worldwide Committee of the Pink Cross (ICRC), Meals and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Human Rights Watch, Worldwide Organisation of Migration (IOM), Inside Displacement Monitoring Centre, United Nations organisations in- cluding United Nations Extreme Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and United Nations Kids’s Fund (UNICEF), and World Meals Program [22]. Google scholar was searched to include any missed articles and critiques. Reference lists of all paperwork had been extra scanned for any associated articles and critiques.

Inclusion and exclusion requirements Included on this paper had been peer-reviewed papers, critiques, working papers, and theses or dissertations printed in English between 1960 to July 2017; that centered on effectively being and human rights issues with Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. Editorials, opinion objects, books and information re- views and papers printed in a language aside from Eng- lish weren’t included. As a result of the scope of this Assessment is restricted to the Rohingya refugees dwelling in Bangladesh, re- ports and articles exterior this scope had been equally ex- cluded. The analysis did not attempt a multi nation consider that options the alternative receiving worldwide areas equivalent to Malaysia and Thailand attributable to dissimilarities in states’ pol- icies which have completely different in quite a few time frames [23]. We set 1960 as a result of the baseline 12 months because of after the navy coup in Myanmar in 1962 the Rohingya refugees started migrating in Bangladesh to flee persecution and human rights violations. They’d been compelled to go away Myanmar, then Burma, to hunt security in neighbouring nations of Bangladesh, Malaysia and Thailand [24, 25].

Study selection course of The researchers adopted a three staged screening ap- proach to have a look at the analysis eligibility for inclusion. Analysis had been screened by title to eliminate any duplicates adopted by screening of titles to remove any clearly irrelevant analysis adopted by screening of abstracts to substantiate eligibility and relevance. Study selection course of is summarised in Fig. 1. An entire of 752 articles had been re- trieved from eight databases. After eradicating of dupli- cates, 734 articles had been retained. A screening of titles resulted in exclusion of 662 articles. The abstract of the remaining 72 articles had been study and screened which led to exclusion of 53 articles. The whole texts for the remaining 19 articles had been reviewed: seven articles had been extra excluded and 12 articles had been deemed eligible for final inclusion of which 9 had been peer reviewed articles and three had been critiques. Furthermore, grey literature search along with screening of organisation internet sites and google scholar provided one different 17 critiques. Full textual content material screening of the critiques led to the exclusion of 5 re- ports. A information search of the bibliographic references of the entire retained articles and critiques acknowledged an add- itional six critiques and one article, thereby a whole of 10 articles and 21 critiques had been included for final consider. The last word outcomes had been in distinction to make it possible for a con-

sistent technique was taken to evaluating the literature primarily based selection requirements. In situations of discrepancy, consen- sus was agreed by way of dialogue by two researchers (NW and WC) and the place essential, reviewed by the third researcher (AR).

Info extraction and synthesis Two researchers (NW and WC) independently extracted data into their endnote libraries. Info extraction was accomplished using a piloted variety. The knowledge extracted included: analysis particulars (equivalent to creator’s title, 12 months of publication, analysis design, intervention), analysis objectives and targets, analysis traits (along with sample setting, popula- tion). Grey literature was extracted using comparable particulars, by the primary researcher (NW) and subsequently reviewed by two researchers (NW and WC).

Prime quality analysis Two researchers (NW and WC) independently assessed the usual of included analysis to minimise errors whereas sustaining consistency [26]. The methodological qual- ity for qualitative analysis was evaluated using the Important Appraisal Experience Programme (CASP) requirements system [27]. The CASP system is commonly used for top of the range appraisal of qualitative analysis [28–30]. The included qualitative analysis had been rated on a ten degree requirements, along with analysis objectives, methodology, design, recruitment method, data assortment, reflexivity, ethical factors, data analysis rigour, clear assertion of findings and Assessment value.

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The Strengthening the reporting of observational analysis in Epidemiology (STROBE) tips was used as a data to judge the usual of the quantitative analysis reviewed [31]. The rules consists of 22 devices, after the preliminary analysis of all reviewed analysis primarily based totally on the 22 STROBE devices, the devices had been extra collapsed into 7 quality-appraisal requirements: sample dimension, sampling method- ology, responses worth, consequence measures, statistical ana- lyses, analysis limitation and ethical consideration. Mixed methods analysis had been assessed primarily based totally on the MMAT (blended methods appraisal system) by Pluye and colleagues [32], using a three degree requirements of aim, data collec- tion and outcomes. Although MMAT is new and beneath de- velopment it has substantive theoretical validity, is content material materials validated and has been examined for effectivity and reliability [33, 34]. Grey literature was appraised with the AACODS system that seems at authority, accuracy,

safety, objectivity, date and significance [35]. This system is being extensively recognised by academicians and re- searchers for appraisal of grey literature. The primary re- searcher (NW) study the whole textual content material of eligible analysis and rated each analysis primarily based totally on the usual requirements. The sec- ondary researcher (WC) rated a random sample of 13 analysis of 31 analysis. The scores given by the two re- searchers had been in distinction and any points and discrep- ancies had been resolved with dialogue amongst the two researchers (NW and WC) and unresolved discrepancies had been independently reviewed by the third researcher (AR).

Analysis Due to the heterogeneity of the included quantitative analysis by means of design, settings, and targets, a meta-ethnographic technique was adopted to synthesise

Fig. 1 Study selection course of

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the qualitative data, which was complemented by a de- scriptive narration of findings for the quantitative analysis [36]. The meta-ethnographic technique allowed the ana- lysis to develop a line of research argument synthesis by systematic translation and comparability between analysis. The road-of-argument syntheses permits to create new fashions, theories, or understanding barely than a de- scription of the synthesised papers [36]. All analysis had been included inside the synthesis, the place findings from the quali- tative analysis had been juxtaposed with these of quantitative analysis as part of the triangulation course of. The meta-ethnographic technique involved four phases:

Determining metaphors and themes The analysis had been study and re-read to understand familiarity with the data and set up themes and patterns in each analysis. The knowledge had been extracted from each of the analysis verbatim to ensure to not lose any essential data. This was validated by revisiting the objectives of the analysis. This course of extra facilitated in determining the themes and sub-themes for each analysis, which had been usually found inside the outcomes a part of the analysis.

Determining how the analysis are related The thematic analysis for all analysis was compared with resolve how they’re related. Although that they had been

quite a few analysis (n = 31) the findings of analysis had commonalities that contributed in determining com- mon courses of how the analysis are related. For ex- ample, structural components, political and monetary components, social components, effectively being and well-being and so forth.

Reciprocal translation of analysis We in distinction the themes and sub-themes of 1 analysis to that of 1 different analysis and so forth all through all analysis. Transla- tion entails comparability and matching of themes all through papers to make it possible for the necessary factor themes all through analysis are captured. This moreover ensured to chop again and streamline the themes whereas determining them with each of the courses as talked about inside the above step. The primary researcher (NW) undertook these steps with frequent session with the alternative authors (WC and AR).

Synthesizing translations The strategy of translation between analysis was adopted by new interpretation of data and making a line of ar- gument. The group formed the highway of argument and pro- duced a model (Fig. 2) with the define of findings.

Outcomes An entire of 10 articles and 21 critiques had been included for the final word consider, as confirmed in Fig. 1. Numerous the analysis

Fig. 2 Description of findings

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included had been qualitative. However, analysis determining effectively being issues with Rohingya refugees had been predominantly quantitative and contributed positively to the overall find- ings. It is useful to highlight that essential analysis inside the re- view are these carried out inside the official refugee camps. The camps referred to inside the findings are these official camps and further findings from unofficial or makeshift camps are clearly acknowledged in every other case see Tables 1 and a few. Findings level out combination of underlying

and fast human rights factors at macro and meso ranges respectively interacted to negatively affect the effectively being of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. Human rights-related effectively being factors had been acknowledged at three dif- ferent ranges: underlying human rights factors (societal stage), fast human rights factors, (household/com- munity stage), and effectively being outcomes (explicit individual stage).

Underlying human rights factors: Societal stage The underlying human rights factors had been primarily struc- tural components, along with licensed and administrative obstacles, factors related to security and safety, and restriction of help. Definitely, Bangladesh is simply not a signatory of the Conven- tion and Protocol concerning the Standing of Refugees, 1951 [5], and has no licensed obligation to protect or safeguard the refugees and asylum all through the nation. The absence of a nationwide refugee and asylum seekers licensed and administra- tive framework implies that Rohingya refugees are uncovered to crucial security risks with restricted alternate options. Our findings advocate that Rohingya refugees expert

violence and abuse perpetrated at quite a few ranges, all through the official camps and outside the camps [5, 37–41]. Violence and abuse have been perpetrated by

� The camp administration, police, and refugee block leaders, mahjee: as illustrated by a female refugee, ‘I’ve reported [my problem] 5 situations to the UNHCR. In my eyes, the UNHCR and the mahjee [block leader] and the police are the similar’, [42].

� Employers and space individuals exterior the camp, as a female refugee summed it up: ‘He requested me to ship tea to his mattress room. I felt very uncomfortable nonetheless as soon as extra I had no different. So I prepared the tea and went to the mattress room. The proprietor then abruptly locked the room … and I tried to run away, nonetheless he grabbed me onerous. At first I tried to shout and fight, nonetheless then I realised that I would lose my job. So I gave up the fight and reluctantly let him do what he wanted. I was not able to share this story with anyone because of I would not solely lose my job, however as well as be socially stigmatised.’ [24].

Furthermore, the camps witnessed elevated female- headed households attributable to abandonment by husbands and family separation attributable to displacement rising

their vulnerabilities [43, 44]. A single mother of eight well-known: ‘When my husband handed away, each factor turned darkish. My foremost concern was about my children. The restricted amount of ration was not sufficient for my family’s survival. I started in search of work. Being a woman in a model new land and setting, it was very chal- lenging in either side’ [24]. Our findings advocate that the GoB did not need to im-

present the dwelling circumstances and provide safety to the ref- ugees. In 2016, the GoB put restrictions on the Helpance distributed to newly arrived refugees because of it argued that help distribution would end in an increase inside the influx of newly-arrived refugees [43, 45]. It well-known: “Distribution of help among the many many refugees will encourage additional Rohingyas to enter the nation” [43]. One different im- portant structural challenge that violated the rights of Rohingya refugees is compelled repatriation. As an illustration, in 1992 and 1998 the GoB deliberate a repatriation drive for the return of refugees to Myanmar. The repatriation was not voluntary and beatings and completely different bodily abuse by camp administration and GoB had been frequent to affect refugees to voluntarily depart [5, 6, 38, 40–42, 46–50]. In accordance with a MSF survey, 63% of refugees re- patriated all through the 1990s beneath the voluntary repatriation drive by the GoB did not have to return to Myanmar [42]. Involuntary repatriation moreover triggered households to disintegrate as their family members had been compelled to go away, as highlighted by a male refugee, ‘We had been with 9 in my family. Six had been repatriated by drive by the camp police. They took my partner, our two children, my brother, father, and mother. My two brothers and I had been some place else inside the camp when our family was taken’ [42].

Fast human rights factors: Household/group stage Political and monetary Over the assorted years spent in camps, Rohingya refugees have had restricted mobility and in some situations have not been allowed to go exterior the camps with out an official enable, primarily to meet a member of the household in a single different camp or for medical causes. These restrictions severely affected their main rights of mobility, entry to liveli- hoods, meals, water, sanitation, and education. Refugees weren’t allowed to work exterior the camps, nonetheless with very restricted alternate options all through the camps, monetary constraints and restricted meals rations many had been compelled to hunt employment illegally exterior the camp. This fur- ther uncovered them to crucial risks along with: the need to bribe camp authorities to exit as they’re prohibited in every other case; harassment by the native police who sometimes tar- geted them as outsiders and arrested them for working; discrimination by native employers by paying them lower wages and likewise by the native people who accused the Rohingya refugees for taking away their jobs. These re- strictions moreover compelled some refugees to dwell exterior

Wali et al. Archives of Public Properly being (2018) 76:59 Net web page 6 of 14

Ta b le

1 C ha ra ct er is tic s of

pe er

re vi ew

ed st ud

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St ud

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In te rv en

tio n

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ap pr ai sa l*

1. A kh te r S,

Ku sa ka be

Okay. (2 01 4)

[2 4]

G en

de r- ba se d Vi ol en

ce am

on g D oc um

en te d

Ro hiya ng

ya Re fu ge

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la de

sh H ig hl ig ht s th e ge

nd er -b as ed

vi ol en

ce am

on g

do cu m en

te d Ro

hiya ng

ya re fu ge

es liv in g in

th e

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sh .

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in te rv ie w s

N = 24

fe m al es

an d 19

m al es

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7/ 10

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1. C ra bt re e, Okay

(2 01 zero)

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*Q ua lit y ap

pr ai sa ls co re s: (i)

Q ua lit at iv e: zero– three po

or qu

al ity ,4 –6

m ed

iu m

qu al ity ,7 –1 zero hiya gh

qu al ity ;( ii) Q ua nt ita tiv e: zero– 2 po

or qu

al ity ,three –5

m ed

iu m

qu al ity ,6 –7

hiya gh

qu al ity ;( iii )M

ix ed

m et ho

ds :zero

po or

qu al ity ,1 –2

m ed

iu m

qu al ity ,three

hiya gh

qu al ity

Wali et al. Archives of Public Properly being (2018) 76:59 Net web page 7 of 14

Ta b le

2 C ha ra ct er is tic s of

re po

rt s

St ud

y Ti tle

A im

s St ud

y de

si gn

Sa m pl e

In te rv en

tio n

Q ua lit y ap pr ai sa l*

1. A cc es s H ea lth

In te rn at io na l,

RT M

In te rn at io na l

H ea lth

ca re

at Ro

hiya ng

ya Re fu ge

e ca m p:

A ca se

st ud

y on

RT M

In iti at iv e

C as e st ud

y of

RT M

in iti at iv es

of w or ki ng

w ith

Ro hiya ng

ya re fu ge

es C as e st ud

y N A

Ye s

5/ 6

H ig h qu

al ity

1. A m ne

st y

In te rn at io na l2 01 6

[4 3]

“W e ar e at

br ea ki ng

po in t” ,R oh

in gy a:

pe rs ec ut ed

in M ya nm

ar an d ne

gl ec te d

in Ba ng

la de

sh

Fa ct

fin di ng

re se ar ch

fo r st at us

an d hu

m an

rig ht s vi ol at io ns

of Ro

hiya ng

ya s in

M ya nm

ar an d

Ba ng

la de

sh

Q ua lit at iv e,

D ire ct

in te rv ie w s &

ob se rv at io ns

N = 55

N o

5/ 6

H ig h qu

al ity

1. A m er ic an

In te rn at io na lS ch oo

l, D ha ka ,2 00 5 [6 8]

Th e Ro

hiya ng

ya Re fu ge

e si tu at io n in

Ba ng

la de

sh N ot

st at ed

Re vi ew

re po

rt N A

N o

2/ 6

Po or

qu al ity

1. D an ish

Im m ig ra tio

n Se rv ic e, 20 11

[4 8]

Ro hiya ng

ya re fu ge

es in

Ba ng

la de

sh an d

Th ai la nd

Fa ct

fin di ng

m is si on

re la te d to

si tu at io n of

RR w ith

re ga rd s to

as yl um

cl ai m s m advert e in

D en

m ar okay

Q ua lit at iv e, D ire ct

in te rv ie w s

M ul tip

le st ak eh

ol de

rs N o

6/ 6

H ig h qu

al ity

1. Fo ru m

A si a, 20 03

[4 7]

“W e ar e lik e a so cc er

ba ll,

ki ck ed

by Bu

rm a, ki ck ed

by Ba ng

la de

sh !”:

Ro hiya ng

ya re fu ge

es in

Ba ng

la de

sh ar e

fa ci ng

a ne

w dr iv e of

in vo lu nt ar y

re pa tr ia tio

n

To hiya gh

lig ht

th e fo rc ed

re pa tr ia tio

n of

RR s

Re po

rt s of

te st im

on ie s

N = 57

N o

4/ 6

M ed

iu m

qu al ity

1. G aw

he r N ay ee m ,H

. (1 99 4)

[4 9]

W om

en Re fu ge

es in

Ba ng

la de

sh .

Re po

rt in g of

O xf am

ac tiv iti es

in Ba ng

la de

sh .

Q ua lit at iv e re po

rt Ro

hiya ng

ya re fu ge

es N A

three/ 6

M ed

iu m

qu al ity

1. KN

O M A D ,2 01 6 [5 2]

Re fu ge

es ’R ig ht

to W or okay an d A cc es s to

La bo

ur M ar ke ts – A n A ss es sm

en t

N A

N A

N A

N o

2/ 6

Po or

qu al ity

1. La rk in ,E m m a &

D un

lo p,

N ic .( 20 07 )

[5 1]

Bu rm

a’ s fo rg ot te n re fu ge

es St at us

of Ro

hiya ng

ya re fu ge

es an d re fu ge

e ca m ps

Re po

rt N A

N A

4/ 6

M ed

iu m

qu al ity

1. M SF

– D oc to rs

w ith

ou t bo

rd er s,

20 02

[4 2]

Te n ye ar s of

Ro hiya ng

ya Re fu ge

es in

Ba ng

la de

sh :p

as t, pr es en

t, fu tu re ,

Pr ov id es

an un

de rs ta nd

in g of

th e co nd

iti on

of th e Ro

hiya ng

ya re fu ge

e no

w an d ov er

th e la st

de ca de

.

Q ua lit at iv e, Su rv ey

an d

ob se rv at io ns

N = 11 eight

N o

6/ 6

H ig h qu

al ity

10 .M

SF – D oc to rs

w ith

ou t bo

rd er s,

20 07

[5 0]

Ta lm

ak es hiya ft ca m p:

N o on

e sh ou

ld ha ve

to liv e lik e th is .T he

Ro hiya ng

ya pe

op le

fro m

M ya nm

ar se ek in g re fu ge

in Ba ng

la de

sh

To do

cu m en

t RR

’s liv in g co nd

iti on

in a

m ak es hiya ft ca m p in

Ba ng

la de

sh an d its

im pa ct

on th ei r ph

ys ic al an d m en

ta lh

ea lth

N A

N A

N o

5/ 6

H ig h qu

al ity

11 .P hy si ci an s fo r

H um

an Ri gh

ts ,

20 10

[3 9]

St at el es s an d St ar vi ng

😛 er se cu te d

Ro hiya ng

ya fle e Bu

rm a an d st ar ve

in Ba ng

la de

sh

N A

Q ua lit at iv e,

co ns ul ta tio

ns an d D Is

N = 10 zero

ho us eh

ol ds ,

25 RR s an d

30 ot he

r Ke y

in fo rm

an ts

N o

4/ 6

M ed

iu m

qu al ity

12 .R ef ug ee s St ud ie s

Ce nt re ,O

xf or d

U ni ve rs ity ,2 00 1 [5 5]

Ro hiya ng

ya Re fu ge

e C hiya ld re n in

C ox ’s

Ba za r, Ba ng

la de

sh A im

s to

pr ov id e a ba ck gr ou

nd to

th e Ro

hiya ng

ya si tu at io n.

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