Posted: May 11th, 2022

NRSE 4510 M4_IM_Article Communication Patient Safety

NRSE 4510 M4_IM_Article Communication Patient Safety
CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENTCPD

NURSING STANDARD

Summary Teamwork requires co-operation, co-ordination and communication between members of a staff to attain desired outcomes. In industries with a excessive diploma of threat, akin to well being care, efficient teamwork has been proven to attain staff targets efficiently and effectively, with fewer errors. This text introduces behaviours that help communication, co-operation and co-ordination in groups. The central position of communication in enabling co-operation and co-ordination is explored. A human elements perspective is used to look at instruments to enhance communication and determine obstacles to efficient staff communication in well being care.

Writer Heather Gluyas Affiliate professor, Faculty of Well being Professions, Murdoch College, Mandurah, Western Australia. Correspondence to: heather.gluyas@gmail.com

Key phrases Communication, co-operation, human elements, affected person security, revalidation, structured communication instruments, staff briefing, teamwork

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E�ective communication and teamwork promotes affected person security NS805 Gluyas H (2015) Efficient communication and teamwork promotes affected person security. Nursing Customary. 29, 49, 50-57. Date of submission: March 15 2015; date of acceptance: Could 14 2015.

Goals and supposed studying outcomes This text goals to tell the reader about efficient teamwork and communication. The behaviours required for efficient teamwork, the important thing parts of efficient communication and customary instruments that help profitable communication inside a staff are mentioned. After studying this text and finishing the day trip actions you need to have the ability to:  Clarify the pivotal position of efficient

teamwork in selling affected person security and high quality care.  Describe the behaviours which can be required for

efficient teamwork.  Checklist the obstacles to efficient communication

in well being care.  Describe widespread instruments that can be utilized to

enhance staff communication.  Relate efficient communication to your personal

apply.  Develop your communication expertise in your

staff surroundings.

Introduction Teamwork includes a bunch of individuals working collectively to attain a typical goal (St Pierre et al 2011). Teamwork requires co-operation, co-ordination and communication between members of a staff to attain desired outcomes. In industries the place there may be excessive threat, akin to well being care, efficient teamwork has been proven to attain staff targets efficiently and effectively, with fewer errors. Conversely, poor teamwork has been proven to end in errors and suboptimal outcomes (Walker 2008, Donohue and Endacott 2010, Lee et al 2012, Lyons and Popejoy 2014).

This text introduces behaviours that help communication, co-operation and co-ordination in groups, and explores the central position of communication in enabling

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NURSING STANDARD august 5 :: vol 29 no 49 :: 2015 51

co-operation and co-ordination. A human elements perspective is used to determine obstacles to efficient staff communication in well being care and to look at instruments that enhance communication. Full day trip exercise 1

In well being care, teamwork is integral to offering protected and efficient care to sufferers. The significance of efficient teamwork in response to the rising complexity of care involving persistent circumstances and related comorbidities is more and more recognised (St Pierre et al 2011). Most affected person encounters contain multiple healthcare skilled and should contain many individuals, relying on the kind of healthcare drawback. These people could embrace medical doctors, nurses, allied well being professionals and different specialist professionals. Groups from totally different healthcare sectors, akin to major care, acute care, psychological well being or persistent care, may additionally be concerned. Efficient communication – each verbal and written – between staff members and between totally different groups is important to make sure co-operation and co-ordination of care.

Ineffective communication, which ends up in poor co-operation and co-ordination of care, is a significant reason for errors and hostile occasions in affected person care (World Well being Group 2009). Communication errors occurring at handover, both between staff members or between totally different groups, could result in inaccurate prognosis, incorrect remedy and/or medicine errors (Wong et al 2008). Poor communication in groups results in staff members having totally different perceptions of conditions and of what’s required to handle them (Brady and Goldenhar 2014). Such differing perceptions of a scenario amongst staff members could also be seen as the dearth of a shared psychological mannequin, and this has been proven to contribute to severe security occasions (Gluyas and Morrison 2013, Brady and Goldenhar 2014). Furthermore, an absence of efficient staff communication has been proven to contribute to delayed response to deteriorating sufferers (Endacott et al 2007). Patient security in surgical interventions could also be compromised if there may be poor staff communication (Lyons and Popejoy 2014). This may occasionally end in severe hostile occasions akin to fallacious affected person, process and/or website; retained devices; infections; and unanticipated blood loss (Treadwell et al 2014).

Thomas et al (2013) examined information from 459 affected person security incidents referring to medical handover in acute care settings. They discovered

that 28.eight% of incidents (n=132) concerned switch of sufferers with out ample handover, 19.2% of incidents (n=88) concerned omissions of important details about the sufferers’ situation and 14.2% of incidents (n=65) concerned omission of important data in sufferers’ care plans.

Poor communication will not be restricted to incidents within the acute sector. It might even be a consider poor outcomes when transferring care between sectors, akin to from major care to the acute sector and again once more (Russell et al 2013). There’s a convincing case for investing time and sources in bettering communication and teamwork in well being care to enhance affected person security. Full day trip exercise 2

Teamwork behaviours Groups are composed of people with totally different information, expertise and attributes, who all contribute explicit traits to staff efficiency. Nevertheless, for a staff to carry out efficiently, people should share an understanding of what’s required to attain the specified aim (Endsley 2012). This implies staff members should work individually to hold out their duties whereas sustaining an consciousness of the necessity for the collective contribution of staff members (Gluyas and Morrison 2013). The talents that contribute to profitable teamwork embrace staff management, mutual help, scenario monitoring and efficient communication (Baker et al 2012). Desk 1 signifies the information and behaviours which can be required to show these expertise.

Communication Communication is important in every of the talents staff members require to contribute to an efficient staff (Desk 1) and could also be thought of as the premise for efficient teamwork. It might contain spoken communication, non-verbal (gestures, facial features) and/or written language. It includes one individual initiating a message, together with receipt of this message by one other individual or individuals (St Pierre et al 2011). Nevertheless, the highly effective impact of cognitive processes on the communication course of needs to be understood and recognised, since that is central to selling efficient communication. A human elements perspective supplies a framework for understanding these results and considers the

2 Learn the case research in Field 1. Draw a diagram indicating the totally different groups that will have been concerned in Mary’s care locally and in hospital. Establish particular factors the place efficient teamwork and communication have been required between staff members and groups.

1 Earlier than finishing this text, recall a time while you have been a part of a staff that didn’t work nicely collectively. Write down the elements and behaviours that will have contributed to this. After getting accomplished the article and reviewed Desk 1, add any elements you might have omitted from this listing.

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CPD communication

impact of programs, environments, gear and processes on human cognitive talents and limitations (Catchpole 2013).

Human cognition is a dynamic course of that permits folks to understand, interpret and make selections about required actions (Gluyas and Morrison 2013). The cognitive load is comparatively low when enterprise well-known duties in acquainted conditions. In such cases, people are in a position to perform duties in a considerably automated method with little acutely aware thought. Nevertheless, in unfamiliar or advanced conditions, people should use elevated acutely aware consideration to course of what goes

on round them and what actions are required. Cognitive overload could happen if the scenario is advanced, for instance the place continuously altering circumstances require intense cognitive consideration to course of what is occurring (Endsley 2012). A number of cognitive processing failures could then come up, together with attentional tunnelling, affirmation bias, reminiscence failures (slips and lapses) and inaccurate psychological fashions (Endsley 2012) (Desk 2). These limitations in cognitive processing could also be precipitated or exacerbated by workload pressures, time pressures, stress, nervousness, fatigue, poor staff relationships, fixed interruptions and altering situational necessities (St Pierre et al 2011).

The cognitive load of the people concerned within the communication could have an effect on their processing of the data. Communication failures could happen if a person is in a scenario the place there may be cognitive overload, for instance due to the quantity of information they’re making an attempt to course of. Transmission failures could come up from incomplete, incorrect, ambiguous or unclear messages, whereas reception failures could come up as a result of the message is misinterpreted, disregarded or not processed and retained in reminiscence (Endsley 2012). Subsequently, you will need to recognise the context of communication and the person stresses which may have an effect on the communication course of. The communication course of itself is just one side of efficient communication; there are extra obstacles that will result in communication failures.

Limitations to e�ective communication Common elements that may enhance the probability of communication failures in any setting embrace variations in gender, tradition, ethnicity, schooling and kinds of communication. Additionally, there are contextual and cultural points particular to healthcare settings that will have an effect on communication in healthcare groups.

One main distinction between well being care and lots of different environments is the existence of a hierarchical system, each amongst totally different well being skilled teams and amongst senior and junior employees in the identical skilled group (Nugus et al 2010). This hierarchy leads to an authority gradient; these additional down the hierarchy could also be hesitant to problem these additional up the hierarchy, increase issues or ask questions. In a scenario the place one member of the staff feels there could also be a affected person security concern, or has issues of some form, they might not really feel snug elevating this or discussing their issues with the staff (Makary et al 2006, Reid and Bromiley 2012).

Teamwork expertise and required behaviours TABLE 1

Talent Required behaviours

Management  Talk consciousness and understanding of the specified consequence.

 Talk understanding of goal, staff roles, duties, activity necessities and plan.

 Plan and allocate duties.

Mutual help  Present suggestions to different staff members when required.

 Present and request help when required.  Belief in different staff members and trust

of their actions and intentions.

Scenario monitoring  Evaluate ongoing staff efficiency.  Regulate, adapt and reallocate duties and

duties as required.

Communication  Share data with different staff members.  Talk clearly utilizing goal language,

appropriate terminology and structured processes or instruments, the place out there.

 Acknowledge communication and test for proper interpretation (closed loop communication).

(Miller et al 2009, Baker et al 2012, Gluyas and Morrison 2013)

Case research 1: Mary BOX 1

Mary offered to the GP feeling unwell, with ache in her proper leg of a number of days’ length. On examination the GP recognized that Mary had tenderness and swelling in her proper calf; she denied any falls or different incidents that will have brought on this. Since Mary had just lately taken a flight abroad, the GP suspected a deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The GP ordered an ultrasound scan and blood check, which have been optimistic for DVT, and Mary was commenced on oral anticoagulation remedy. Later that day, she offered to the emergency division with acute shortness of breath and was admitted with a prognosis of pulmonary embolus. She was commenced on parenteral anticoagulation and respiratory help. After a number of days, Mary improved and was discharged into the care of the GP for monitoring of ongoing anticoagulation remedy, and the neighborhood nursing service, which would supply house visits and help throughout the restoration part.

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NURSING STANDARD august 5 :: vol 29 no 49 :: 2015 53

An instance that illustrates this authority gradient is supplied in Reynard et al (2009). A toddler skilled facial burns from a dry swab that caught hearth from the diathermy machine throughout maxillofacial surgical procedure. The surgeon instantly modified his apply to utilizing moist swabs, however ascertained from colleagues that they beforehand modified to this apply as a result of the danger of utilizing dry swabs had already been recognized. When the surgeon requested nursing employees why they didn’t inform him of this apply, they indicated that he had discouraged options prior to now, so they didn’t really feel snug elevating points about his surgical apply (Reynard et al 2009).

Different research affirm that reluctance to talk up about attainable affected person threat is a crucial consider communication errors (Leonard et al 2004, Makary et al 2006, Waterproof coat and Sandall 2010, Carayon 2012, Lyndon et al 2012, Okuyama et al 2014). Lyndon et al (2012) reported that 12% of employees have been unlikely to talk up even when there was excessive threat; this reluctance was associated to earlier rudeness or intimidation from different employees. Different elements that contribute to this hesitancy embrace poor management and relationships within the healthcare staff, concern of the responses of others, and issues about showing incompetent in ambiguous or advanced medical conditions (Okuyama et al 2014).

Differing communication kinds between medical doctors and nurses could exacerbate authority gradients that exist in well being care. Medical doctors are educated on a scientific foundation that emphasises treatment and remedy within the administration of affected person care. This leads to a communication type that tends to be succinct, with a concentrate on scientific info. Nurse schooling is knowledgeable by science however has a holistic concentrate on caring linked to remedy and administration. Nurses’ communication type differs from that of medical doctors in that it tends to be extra narrative, somewhat than concisely factual (Wachter 2012). Communication between totally different skilled teams can result in misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the message being communicated, as a result of totally different skilled employees have expectations of others that aren’t explicitly communicated (Donohue and Endacott 2010).

Implicit expectations, or these not explicitly communicated, may additionally be described as a ‘trace and hope’ dialogue. This can lead to the sender and receiver failing to speak, with the sender

hinting at what’s required and the receiver utterly lacking their message. One instance of that is the case of Elaine Bromiley, a affected person who died following a failed intubation for a surgical process (Reid and Bromiley 2012, Bromiley 2014). In the course of the emergency scenario, the medical employees concerned have been targeted on persevering with to attempt to intubate; the affected person turned severely hypoxic, leading to her demise 13 days later (Walker 2008). The authority gradient discouraged any direct assertion by the nurses that the scenario was an emergency. When a nurse introduced within the tracheostomy tray (with out being requested) and said that it was prepared, the implicit message was: ‘I’ve introduced within the tracheostomy tray as a result of it’s worthwhile to have a look at various airway entry for oxygenation.’ This was not the message acquired by the medical employees, who remained targeted on the duty of intubating the affected person and ignored the interruption (an instance of attentional tunnelling, Desk 2). A second nurse was additionally ignored when she said that she had contacted the intensive care unit (ICU) for a mattress. The implied message was: ‘I’ve contacted ICU as a result of that is an emergency and I’m frightened in regards to the affected person’s deteriorating observations.’ Nevertheless, the nurse’s feedback weren’t interpreted on this approach. The communication failures have been a results of differing communication kinds, in addition to the authority gradient and the cognitive overload of the medical employees trying to handle the scenario.

Cognitive processes to handle difficult conditions

Cognitive course of Description

Attentional tunnelling Focusing cognitive consideration on one side of a scenario that’s proving difficult when it comes to understanding or activity completion, whereas ignoring different data from the surroundings or context.

Affirmation bias A bent to contemplate solely confirming proof and to ignore proof that doesn’t affirm.

Reminiscence failures (slips and lapses)

Reminiscence failures are related to automated behaviour, the place we intend to do one thing however our consideration is targeted elsewhere. We both overlook to hold out an motion (lapse), or undertake steps of an motion within the fallacious order or miss a step totally (slip).

Inaccurate psychological fashions

Faulty psychological fashions of occasions and what selections or actions are required, ensuing from flawed notion or comprehension of a scenario.

(Tailored from Endsley 2012)

TABLE 2

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CPD communication

In well being care, groups are sometimes not mounted or established, however have come collectively for a particular goal. They haven’t had time to determine roles and duties or to articulate clearly the obvious targets of the staff (Wachter 2012). This could result in totally different perceptions or psychological fashions of the scenario and the required outcomes. Shift work, lengthy hours resulting in fatigue, and different widespread elements in well being care, akin to distractions, interruptions, workload and time pressures, add to those totally different perceptions. Subsequently, it’s not shocking that poor communication inside groups contributes to errors and poor affected person outcomes. It’s crucial to develop methods that lower the probability of communication failures arising from authority gradients, from differing skilled communication kinds and from cognitive failures akin to these listed in Desk 2.

Methods to enhance staff communication in well being care Many methods to enhance communication depend on organisational constructions and processes. These methods embrace schooling and coaching programmes that concentrate on bettering communication in groups and growing an understanding of obstacles to efficient communication, akin to authority gradients and totally different communication kinds. Such programmes have been proven to enhance teamwork and communication (Stead et al 2009, Gorman et al 2010, Baker et al 2012, Bunnell et al 2013). Different organisational methods to enhance communication embrace implementing practices akin to checklists and read-back protocols for various medical conditions, instigating structured communication instruments and introducing briefing and debriefing procedures in groups (Lepman and Hewett 2008, Gorman et al 2010, Knox and Simpson 2013, Brady et al 2013, Goldenhar et al 2013, Lyons and Popejoy 2014). These steps require dedication from the organisation’s management staff and provision of sources. Nevertheless, healthcare professionals can nonetheless use many of those methods, even within the absence of formal organisational help, as is mentioned on this article.

Group brie�ng and debrie�ng The aim of staff briefing, huddles and debriefing is to decrease authority gradients and allow widespread settlement on the staff’s targets and supposed outcomes (Wachter 2012, Goldenhar et al 2013). Briefings could take the

type of a pre-procedure or pre-shift pause, throughout which staff members articulate their roles and duties and talk about the supposed outcomes. This may occasionally determine agreed protocols which can be supposed to alert staff members to altering circumstances or different necessary data (Brady and Goldenhar 2014).

Huddles are ongoing staff briefings that happen all through the interval the staff is working collectively. They contain staff members coming collectively incessantly for brief intervals to overview and make plans for ongoing care. If used successfully, this technique addresses issues with overload or restricted short-term reminiscence capability, establishes safeguards within the course of and improves the effectiveness of communication within the staff. The important parts of a huddle are that it’s quick, it has a staff facilitator, dialogue is inspired based mostly on information and the main target is on drawback fixing and options planning (Goldenhar et al 2013).

Debriefings contain the staff coming collectively on the finish of a shift or process to debate what went fallacious and what went nicely (St Pierre et al 2011). Group efficiency is improved by means of the teachings realized. Debriefings allow staff members to recognise alternatives to talk up in important conditions, or cases of communication failure, for instance, attentional tunnelling, affirmation bias, reminiscence failures and inaccurate psychological fashions. Facilitation and management are important to make sure a protected, blame-free surroundings for debriefing, wherein all staff members really feel snug to debate facets of the staff efficiency explicitly (Wachter 2012).

Structured communication instruments Structured communication instruments deal with issues that will come up on account of authority gradients, totally different skilled communication kinds and cognitive limitations. These instruments set up safeguards in processes, cut back the steps and variability in processes and enhance the probability of efficient communication (Lee et al 2012). Many various instruments have been developed to supply an goal framework for structured communication between clinicians in response to issues a few affected person’s situation (Gluyas and Morrison 2013). For instance, the SBAR device, the place the mnemonic (Gluyas and Morrison 2013) signifies:  Scenario: what’s going on with the affected person?  Background: what’s the medical background

or context?  Assessment: what do I feel the issue is?

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 Suggestion or response: what do I feel needs to be finished in what time-frame?

Follow is required to make use of this type of communication, to implement it and to beat any hesitancy that will happen due to authority gradients. Nevertheless, goal communication targeted on information decreases the probability of confusion and minimises issues with implicit communication kinds (Lee et al 2012). Variants of the SBAR structured communication device have been developed to be used in handover of affected person care to different clinicians (Porteous et al 2009). Full day trip exercise three

Managing the authority gradient might be tough, and the CUS structured device could also be significantly helpful on this scenario. The device supplies a communication course of for escalation, to focus consideration when there are security issues that aren’t being acknowledged or addressed by different members of the staff (Waterproof coat and Sandall 2010). The CUS device includes people utilizing the next prompts to speak:  I’m Involved.  I’m Uncomfortable.  This can be a Safety concern. For instance, in a scenario the place a affected person is deteriorating and the nurse has been unable to get a response for pressing overview from a clinician, the nurse would possibly contact that clinician once more, or a extra senior member of employees, and categorical their concern utilizing the phrase ‘I’m involved’, stating the explanations for this. If there may be nonetheless no well timed response, the nurse might contact the staff chief or a senior clinician and repeat their concern, utilizing the phrase ‘I’m uncomfortable’. If there may be nonetheless no response, the nurse might contact the senior clinician or administration and use the phrase ‘This can be a security concern’, once more expressing their issues in regards to the affected person’s situation and the dearth of well timed response.

The escalation within the CUS device needs to be used just for severe and pressing points, the place the priority is critical. If the issues raised aren’t addressed adequately, then it might be essential to escalate them, bypassing the individual with whom the issues have been initially raised. By utilizing the target language of the CUS device, the main target stays on affected person security.

It is very important observe that organisations have insurance policies or procedures for escalation when pressing medical issues aren’t being addressed. The nurse ought to adjust to

these protocols. The CUS device is a perfect device to information the communications. Full day trip exercise four

There are a number of different structured communication instruments that could be used at hand over the care of sufferers to different clinicians. These embrace the SHARED communication device, the place the mnemonic signifies Scenario, Historical past, Assessment, Dangers, Anticipated outcomes and Documentation (Hatten-Masteron and Griffiths 2009), and I PASS THE BATON, the place the mnemonic signifies ‘Introduction, Patient, Assessment, Scenario, Safety issues, THE Background, Actions, Timing, Possession and Subsequent’ (Youngberg 2013).

Aside from CUS, all these communication instruments can be utilized for each verbal and written communication (CUS is normally utilized in time-critical conditions that require rapid response). The instruments present an goal framework for communication for each the sender and receiver of the message, lowering the cognitive load that will result in communication failures.

Checklists and read-back protocols Checklists and read-back protocols might be helpful instruments in helping to forestall communication breakdowns, since they supply a visible format for standardised communication (Lyons and Popejoy 2014, Treadwell et al 2014). They act as ‘reminiscence joggers’ to lower the probability of cognitive slips and lapses related to automated duties. In addition they present a immediate

four Evaluate the case research in Field 2. Assume that the SBAR communication with the physician has not elicited an applicable response. Samuel’s respiratory charge is lowering additional and he might be roused solely with problem. Utilizing the CUS headings (‘I’m involved’, ‘I’m uncomfortable’, ‘This can be a security concern’), write down how the nurse might objectively convey concern in regards to the affected person’s deteriorating situation.

three Learn the case research in Field 2. Establish the obstacles to efficient communication demonstrated on this scenario. Utilizing the SBAR communication device – with the headings ‘scenario’, ‘background’, ‘Assessment’ and ‘advice’ or ‘response’ – write down how the nurse might talk in an goal approach the medical data underlying concern in regards to the …

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