Posted: May 9th, 2022

Discussion 1-“Socialism in Latin American and around the World”

5 QUESTIONS
, “The Bluebook and the ALWD” Please respond to the following: Compare the respective layout and structure of the Bluebook Uniform System of Citation and the Association of the Legal Writing Directors (ALWD). Discuss the value of each. Provide a rationale for your response.

4, “Privacy” Debate It – Take a position on this statement: You have zero privacy. Get over it. Support your views with one or two reasons and/or examples. (Cite any sources you referenced.)

5, Technology and Practical Reflection” Please respond to the following: Address three challenges faced by criminal justice organizations in implementing technological initiatives, such as cost/benefit factors, legal implications, and privacy issues Imagine you are applying for one of the positions you previously researched. State the position and determine five (5) skills that are important to have for this position.

7 May 2019 09:33

1, Socialism in Latin American and around the World—Turning to a Market Economy Socialism in its two forms of communism and fascism have caused more deaths in the 20th century than all natural disasters during the same time. Only disease has killed more human beings. Despite this, many developing countries in the “Global South” turned to socialism in the past as a means to solve their economic problems. A lot of this was at the encouragement of the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Now, in light of the evident failure of socialism, many of these countries seek to create fast growth through the establishment of market economies. Select a country in the Global South that has been in the news recently and then visit a reputable website, read a newspaper, or watch a TV broadcast to catch up on the latest events relating to the economic development of the country. Next, using the country you researched, identify which of the five (5) market economy policies the country appears to be following. Provide support for this conclusion. What is the fascination of socialism despite all of its failures? Why do we see a resurgence of socialism (both communism and fascism) around the world and even in the United States? Speculate about the likelihood of success in achieving a prosperous market economy for the country you researched. Next, discuss which of the policies is most effective and least effective for the country you researched. Provide a rationale for your responses. Keep in mind that you do not have to respond to each of the above bullets. Rather, this information is simply to provide some ideas on how to respond. As always, please feel free to ask questions. Please remember to support your opinion with well thought out fact. Do not just state your opinion and leave it without giving the reasons why you think that way.

2, Girls and Gangs The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention’s National Girls Initiative developed a policy and practices to promote positive outcomes for girls at risk of entering or in the juvenile justice system. Please watch the following video explaining this initiative: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgV7pdlAQns Research has shown that female juvenile delinquency has been rising. Speculate on why you believe these rates have been rising. Support your opinions with at least one quality reference no older than the past year.

5 QUESTIONS
Discussion 1-“Socialism in Latin American and around the World”
Global South countries also are known as “third world” are developing countries that are perceived to have low or middle income mostly located in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean. This discussion focuses on Cuba and how as a country used socialism in its market economy. Cuba has its market economic policies that it follows. The first policy is the fiscal balance which mainly monitory the adjustment of in previous and currents years in either deficit or increase in the fiscal efficiency including expenses and income. The fiscal policy works within the country’s amount of expenses compared to the revenue or income flow to ensure it acquires a balance within which the GDP of the country will grow. The second market economic policy applied by Cuba is monetary policy (Alejandro, 2010). The monitory policy involves the unification current exchange markets. The unification enables the elimination of double momentary system, monetary duality, and duplicity of exchange rates. Foreign exchange control and decentralization is also part of the monitory policy. The decentralization of the foreign trade and diversification of the Cuban bank and the financial system allows more free capital to flow in and enhances international trade operations.
The third policy being applied is the banking system. The Central Bank of Cuba plays an important role in the economic functioning of Cuba. The policy regarding the Central Bank is that it provides payments systems and offer capital to different economic sectors of the government within a balance system that would enable the country to gain economic growth in all important aspects. The financial system provided in Cuba is integrated into nine banks together with groups of the non-banking financial institution that mobilize, develop, and carry out intermediation of financial services. The other policy being applied in Cuba involves changes in institutions (Alejandro, 2010). The changes incorporate the reinforcement of institutionalization has seen the country being able to reorganize ministries and state apparatus which helps in improving efficiency in the market economy. Institutionalization allows the government to shift its ministries over time depending on the economic status of the country and which aspects of the country are much in focus. For instance, the government may decide to merge the ministry of metallurgical industry to the ministry of agriculture to reduce. The last policy applied in Cuba’s market economy is the structural change of factors of production. The structural changes policy involves increment of more structural character including major liberation of consumption, the government providing private to individuals willing to utilize it for economic transformation.
Discussion 2-“Girls and Gangs”
The number of female juvenile delinquency has been increasing for the past few years. The rates of female juvenile delinquency have been rising due to various reasons that have been discussed in this section. The first noted reason that results in the increasing rates of female juvenile delinquency is biological and individual factors. The biological and physical traits of girls have been noted to respond more differently to environmental conditions. The basic deference developed by the female in a certain environment may be considered to partially account for ways in which girls’ delinquency is attracted. For instance, researchers have identified those girls at adolescent come across a number of negative life events than boys in the same age bracket placing them in high risk of certain types of delinquency. The other reason for the increasing of these rates is stressors, trauma, and mental health. The high exposure to sever or accumulative stressors have been identified in several studies as being highly connected to risk-taking behavior. The rate of exposure to stressors among female is much high than in males since females to tend to be more vulnerable to abuse and neglect. Most girls have also been reported to have a low ability to handle the stressors which led them to break within a short period of facing the stressors which cause the risk of delinquency (Slowikowski, 2010). The other reasons for increasing delinquency among female are family influence. Family influences involve consistence family issues such as lax supervision and other different forms of abuse can be considered as links to juvenile delinquency among female. The most common family issues that female face include parental supervision and consistency monitoring which helps most of the female especially adolescent ones to avoid being involved in delinquency. Therefore, with lack of proper parental supervision and monitoring that occurs mostly in today’s’ world since parents are busy working have left most female exposed to delinquency. Other family risk factors include family criminality history, family instability, family dysfunction, and child maltreatment are factors that increase the risk of delinquency among female.
Discussion 3- “The Bluebook and the ALWD”
There are two major legal citation formats: the Bluebook Uniform System of Citation and the Association of the Legal Writing Directors (ALWD). The bluebook nineteenth edition was realized in 2010 after being combined by editors of Law Review from Columbia, Harvard, the University of Pennsylvania, and the Yale Law Journal. On the other side, the ALWD guide to legal citation was a creation of the Association of Legal Writing Directors (Association of Legal Writing Directors, 2013). The ALWD provides tools needed for all forms of legal writing, using clear explanations and abundant illustrations. The ALWD is manually designed for easy use for citation for legal materials by professors, students, practitioners, and judges since it is easy to understand. The Bluebook legal citation guide normally depends on the number of different factors associated with the case type, jurisdiction, or court (Georgetown University Law Library, 2019). The basic format of Bluebook legal citation includes the case name, volume number, reporter abbreviation, first page of case, pinpoint, court, and decision year. The ALWD guides to legal citation are governed by ALWD rule 12 that consists of eight main components. The components include the case name, reporter volume number, reporter abbreviation, page number, pinpoint pages, court and year, subsequent history designation, and subsequence history citation.
Discussion 4- “Privacy”
In 1999, Scott McNealy said that “You have zero privacy anyway – Get over it” a statement that has left different aspects of debates about privacy. Privacy has become one of the main concerns of individuals in today’s world considering the developments that have been put in place due to technological innovations. According to Scott statement, it is absolutely reasonable to come into agreement with the first part of the statement that states the essence of individuals having zero privacy. The internet has been used to reduce the privacy of people to zero by governments, business institutions, and criminal organizations (Warmerdam, 2015). All these parties are highly interested in acquiring as much data as possible in order to accomplish their existence reasons including security and control, profits, and theft respectively. The development of more sophistication of data algorithms private life has enabled the parties to access each individual behavior, business capitalizations, and group behavior. However, when it comes to the second part of Scott statement, it is considered as misleading since it will mean that the parties will have total control of one’s privacy. Despite zero privacy existing, it is important that privacy terms and regulations be put in place that will control and determine how parties with access to individual or group information use and handle the information. The privacy protections rights should be incorporated especially in business settings to protect sensitive information about clients and business parties to be exposed or used against them for business gains. The government surveillance projects such as through drones should be conducted within certain privacy limits unless otherwise.
Discussion 5-“Technology and Practical Reflection”
Technology is currently being applied in the criminal justice process. However, there are several challenges that still exist in the implementation of certain technological initiatives. This part addresses three of the challenges of technological implementation faced by criminal justice organizations. The first challenge addressed is the level by which criminal activities have become unpredictable. Unpredictable crime poses a challenge to the police officers in the application of technical aspects since technology does not essentially provide the prediction of crime and neither does it mean that it will ease the policing work. For instance, community-based policing tends to pose a hard challenge to apply technology due to unpredictable crime occurrence (Schwabe, Davis, & Jackson, n.d). The challenge is the financial power required to run technological advancements in criminal justice organizations cannot be matched with the government is ready to offer. The technological advancements cannot be managed by the government alone and the need to involve other financial institutions and interested organizations is a solution to financial power. Lastly, the technological advancement tends to come along with their laws and guidelines that may contradict other laws already in existence hence compromising court issues. The position is Information Technologist (IT) that requires one to be able to apply technical skills essential for information technology, be able to communicate and interact with people effectively, creatively, flexible, presentable, and able to work in a team.

References
Alejandro, P. (2010). “Cuban Economic Policy under the Raul Castro Government”.
Association of Legal Writing Directors. (2013). ALWD Guide to Legal Citation. Retrieved from http://www.alwd.org/publications/citation-manual/
Georgetown University Law Library. (2019). Bluebook Guide. Retrieved from https://guides.ll.georgetown.edu/bluebook
Schwabe, W., Davis, L., & Jackson, B. (n.d). Challenges and Choices for Crime-Fighting Technology: Federal Support of State and Local Law Enforcement. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/www/external/congress/terrorism/phase1/crime.pdf
Slowikowski, J. (2010). Girls Study Group. Office of Justice Programs. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/226358.pdf
Warmerdam, M. (2015). You have zero privacy anyway – Get over it. The METISfiles. Retrieved from https://www.themetisfiles.com/2015/05/you-have-zero-privacy-anyway-get-over-it/

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