Posted: May 1st, 2022

ES100 Introduction to Geology

NAME_____________________
ES100 Introduction to Geology
Rindsberg
January 31 / February 1, 2022

Lab three. Stratigraphic correlation

Downside 1. Utilizing ideas of stratigraphy to deduce the order of previous occasions.

Order the options and determine the occasion every characteristic represents. Establish the precept(s) used to order every characteristic, utilizing the abbreviations within the listing.

Characteristic (b, c, d, or e) Occasion Supporting Precept
four (youngest)
three
2
1 (oldest)

Examples of potential occasions which may be discovered: folding and uplift, faulting, sedimentation, igneous exercise, erosion, and many others.

Stratigraphic Rules embody:
OH: Authentic Horizontality: Sedimentary strata are laid down nearly horizontally. If they don’t seem to be horizontal now, then they will need to have been tilted, folded, or in any other case moved or deformed.
(continued on subsequent web page)
LC: Lateral Continuity: Sedimentary strata are laid down constantly over massive areas except confined in a basin. As an illustration, when snow falls, it falls evenly over a broad space.
SU: Superposition: In a stack of strata, the youngest layer is the one on prime.
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CR: Cross-cutting Relations: If a physique of rock, or a break such a fault, crosses a stratum, then the stratum should have already got been in existence.
IN: Inclusions: If a stratum comprises a pebble, fossil, or different inclusion, then the inclusion will need to have already existed.
FS: Faunal Succession: Totally different sorts of fossils happen at explicit intervals inside the world’s “stack” of strata.

Downside 2. Correlating strata utilizing lithology (rock sort).

Sections A via F signify the strata (rock layers) seen at six completely different outcrops. Totally different rock varieties are indicated by completely different graphic symbols, as an illustration, dotting represents sandstone. Draw strains to correlate the boundaries between strata (as proven). Be aware: Not each stratum (rock layer) is present in each outcrop.

Downside three. Correlating strata with fossils.

Correlate the time strains (primarily based on first appearances, FAs, of fossils) on this set of outcrops, whose fossils are attribute of explicit ages. The darkish strains marked as 50, 70, and 100 Ma (Ma = hundreds of thousands of years in the past) present ranges at which absolute dates have been obtained. (To do that: Draw a line beneath the extent the place every sort of fossil first seems in a strat column. Then correlate the columns by drawing strains from FA to FA.)

Downside four. Deducing the prehistory of the Grand Canyon.
Order the options and determine the occasion every characteristic represents. Be sure to can determine the stratigraphic precept(s) used to order every characteristic. The latest occasion has been labored out for you.
Examples of potential occasions that will or might not be discovered: folding and uplift, faulting (associated to extension or compression), sedimentation, igneous exercise (associated to convergence or extension), erosion, and many others.

Characteristic (a, b, valley, and many others.) Occasion Supporting Precept
gullies (youngest)

(oldest)

——-

NAME_____________________
Introduction to Geology (ES100)

Rindsberg

January 31st, 2022 / February 1st, 2022

LABORATORY three: STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION

Downside 1: Utilizing stratigraphic ideas to decide the sequence of historic occasions.

Type the options and determine the occasion that every one represents. Utilizing the abbreviations within the listing, determine the precept(s) used to set up every attribute.

Occasion Supporting Precept (b, c, d, or e)

4th (youngest)

three

2

1st (oldest)

Examples of potential occasions which may be discovered: folding and uplift, faulting, sedimentation, igneous exercise, erosion, and many others.

Stratigraphic Rules embody:

OH: Authentic Horizontality: Sedimentary strata are laid down nearly horizontally. If they don’t seem to be horizontal now, then they will need to have been tilted, folded, or in any other case moved or deformed.

(continued on subsequent web page)

LC: Lateral Continuity: Sedimentary strata are

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