Posted: April 30th, 2022

Chicago Citation Style

Chicago Citation Style
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) is a referencing style commonly used by students and researchers in the field of history and social sciences. Most students prefer using the Turabian style for their assignments. The Turabian structure is similar to the Chicago structure, only that it focuses more on the design and structure of a paper and not an officially published piece. Chicago citation style comes in two varieties: notes and bibliography and the author-date system. The notes and bibliography system is mostly used by researchers in the humanities department while the author-date system is preferred by those majoring in sciences and social sciences.
1. Notes and Bibliography
In this system, any information directly quoted or paraphrased is cited using numbered footnotes and endnotes. Each time you use a source, a superscript number is assigned to the text at the end of the sentence. These superscript numbers must correspond to the endnotes at the end of the page and the bibliography at the end of the paper.
The bibliography contains all the sources used in the paper, including sources that were used indirectly for further reading, all listed in alphabetical order. Any entry exceeding one line should be made with a hanging indent.
2. Author-date system
The in-text citation consists of the author(s) name followed by the year of publication. Only the surname of the author is included. Also, ensure to include page numbers wherever you make a direct quote from a source. This is just a brief citation usually made in parenthesis. The full reference list, which is more detailed and matching all the in-text citations, is made at the end of the document. In-text citation for books, journals, articles, and other internet documents follows a similar format except for electronic sources that do not give page numbers.
An in-text citation of a book will look like this:
(Ogilvie 1998, 26-28). or Ogivile states that “…” (1998, 26-28)
Reference List
The reference is presented at the end of the document and contains all the sources used throughout the paper. The entries in the reference list follow a basic format that must contain the surname of the author(s), year of publication, Title, edition, place of publication, and publisher, and any other important detail depending on the source.
Example:
Nicholas, F. W., 2010. Introduction to Veterinary Genetics. 3rd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
With journals, articles, and other sources, the format remains the same, but the name of the author is replaced by the title of the journal or article used. The entries must also be arranged alphabetically by the author’s surname and also be double spaced. Any entry exceeding one line should be made with a hanging indent.

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