Posted: April 26th, 2022

Female Participation Rate in the Labor Force

Female Participation Rate in the Labor Force
Macro and Micro economics
The introduction to the topic,
– the background and motivation for the research question,
– the first round of literature survey of at least 5 papers that are relevant to your topic.

Please see the attached link for literature survey. use the link as the base of all other literature surveys (Must be scholarly papers) the topic is how Female participation rate in the labor force is affected by Economic growth and decreasing barriers to entry for women in the labor force.

Base paper for other literature surveys minimum 4 more than this
https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ger/vol8/iss1/3/

Female Participation Rate in the Labor Force
Over the past years, women did not work outside their homes unless the unmarried and he young. However, with time, the labor supply by women has been increasingly rising. Female labor participation is one of the ways of alleviating poverty in an economy. The supply of labor by women raises incomes and savings of households hence increase in their consumption of goods and services. As more women participate in the labor force, it creates a potential for economies to grow and develop faster in response to higher inputs of labor. This participation rate varies across different countries, which points out economic growth disparities, levels of education, and fertility rates. The reason behind women participation in the labor force is to enable them to raise their living standards and reduce the rate of dependency on men.
However, with time, the labor supply by women has been increasingly rising. Female labor participation is one of the ways of alleviating poverty in an economy. The supply of labor by women raises incomes and savings of households, hence increasing their consumption of goods and services. As more women participate in the labor force, it creates a potential for economies to grow and develop quicker in response to the higher labor inputs. This participation rate varies across different countries, which points out economic growth disparities, levels of education, and fertility rates. The reason behind women’s contribution to the labor market is to raise their living standards and reduce the rate of dependency on men.
Klasen (2019) highlights that increase in female labor participation has been caused by the increase of female education and a decrease in fertility rates in women. This helps close the enrollment and attainment gaps between boys and females in secondary and postsecondary education. Through being educated, they have acquired relevant experience, knowledge, and skills to work on their own for the survival of their families. There is a linear affiliation between female labor participation rate and education. Decreased fertility rates save women’s time taking care and nurturing little children, which reduces the period in their life cycles. The number of births is inversely related to women’s labor supply, with every birth on average reducing the supply of female labor by at most two years during a females’ reproductive lifespan. Additionally, a rise in per capita income increases the demand for labor in a country, attracting women into the labor force.
Whenever a country is underprivileged, most women will work out of obligation; for instance, in the subsistence economic agricultural sector, when a country undergoes development with time, economic activity swings from agriculture to industrialization, which favors men mostly over women. Also, in the tertiary phases of economic growth and rise in educational levels, women’s wages start to increase, pulling them to raise their labor supply. This is the U-shaped bond between the female employment contribution and development. In poorer countries, such as India, most uneducated women Help in subsistence work and the informal employment sector while the educated ones participate in white-collar jobs (Verick, 2018). At senior levels of education, potential income is a motivating factor, enabling women to conquer economic and social challenges.
According to Del Rey, the indirect and direct impacts of entitlements to maternity leave on the female labor force contribution. The duration of maternity leave reduces the time that otherwise the person would have been working. This, in turn, results in decreased women’s income. It creates a barrier in the supply of labor, and therefore women make long-term decisions to control birth to actively get involved in the market force (Del Rey,2021). Women proceeding to senior educational levels is shown to slow down marriage, pregnancy, and childbearing spacing.
Dettling (2017) suggests that the rise in speedy internet at home is one of the drivers of the supply of labor by women. She stated that a high speed of internet determined externally generates a 4.1 percentage which portrays an increase in participation of the labor market by married females and educated women in college who have children. Internet saves time in home-based production which describes the rise in this involvement. It also empowers women in enabling them to avoid costs of space. They can balance between work via the internet and childcare in the same environment.
As a society advances and starts to be a growing economy, opportunities for women employment goes down. Family production also declines, resulting in the consumption of goods mainly produced separately from the homestead, which makes it even more challenging for most women to manage to balance work and children’s care (Haque et al., 2019). In addition, technological changes require competent workers with high levels of education index and also the capability and knowledge to use the machines, therefore pushing away employment chances for females. Women’s decisions to engage in the labor marketplace are also determined by the present and future conditions of the labor market.
The nature of the job also determines whether a female will participate or not. The level of education mainly determines this. Education increases the reservation wage and reforms in tastes and preferences of those seeking jobs. Although there is an unequal distribution of better jobs between men and women, females are continuously making more efforts to rise at the top through consistency in their jobs and proving that they can participate in leadership positions. The reforming aspect of participation of women in the labor force has been an important area of concern in economic development. The increase in the number of females in the market forces has contributed to the economy’s overall growth.
References
Del Rey, E., Kyriacou, A., & Silva, J. I. (2021). Maternity leave and female labor force participation: evidence from 159 countries. Journal of Population Economics, 34(3), 803-824.
Dettling, L. J. (2017). Broadband in the labor market: The impact of residential high-speed internet on married women’s labor force participation. ILR Review, 70(2), 451-482.
Haque, A. U., Kibria, G., Selim, M. I., & Smrity, D. Y. (2019). Labor force participation rate and economic growth: Observations for Bangladesh. International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, 5(9), 209-213.
Klasen, S. (2019). What explains uneven female labor force participation levels and trends in developing countries? The World Bank Research Observer, 34(2), 161-197.
Verick, S. (2018). Female Labor Force Participation and Development. IZA World of Labor.

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