Posted: April 14th, 2022

Rock Cycle and Mineral Sources

Lecture 10

The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet

´ Geology ´ Research of dynamic processes happening on the earth’s floor

and in its inside

´ Three main concentric zones of the earth ´ Core (Inside and Outer)

´ Mantle, together with the asthenosphere

´ Crust ´ Continental crust

´ Oceanic crust: 71% of crust

What Are Rocks?

´ Mineral ´ Naturally occurring chemical aspect or compound that exists

as a crystalline stable

´ Mineral useful resource ´ Focus that we will extract and course of into uncooked

supplies

´ Nonrenewable

´ Rock ´ Stable mixture of a number of minerals

Igneous Rocks

´ Igneous rocks ´ Igneous—“fiery inception”

´ Magma—molten rock beneath Earth’s floor

´ Lava—molten rock when it flows onto Earth’s floor

Sluggish Cooling – greater minerals with distinct crystal construction

Quick cooling – very wonderful grained, not crystalline

Intrusive vs Extrusive Rocks

Examples of Intrusive Igneous Rocks

´ Diorite is a coarse-grained, intrusive igneous rock.

Granite is a coarse-grained, mild coloured, intrusive igneous rock.

Examples of Extrusive Igneous Rocks

Basalt is a fine-grained, dark-colored extrusive igneous rock.

Obsidian is a dark- coloured volcanic glass that kinds from the very speedy cooling of molten rock materials. It cools so quickly that crystals don’t type.

Pumice is a light-colored vesicular igneous rock. It kinds via very speedy solidification of a soften. The vesicular texture is a results of gasoline trapped within the soften on the time of solidification.

Oceanic and Continental Crust

´ Oceanic Crust made up of Basalt (extrusive igneous rock)

´ Continental Crust made up of Granite (intrusive igneous rock)

´ Basalt is denser than granite

Sedimentary Rocks  Composed of cemented mineral

grains/rock fragments

´ Created by: ´ Weathering: breaking rocks into smaller

items

´ Erosion: eradicating grains from guardian rock

´ Transportation: dispersed by gravity, wind, water, and ice

´ Deposition: settling out of the transporting fluid

´ Lithification: remodeling into stable rock

Sedimentary Rocks

 Geologists outline 4 lessons of sedimentary rock. ´ Clastic: rock fragments (clasts) cemented collectively

´ Biochemical: cemented shells of organisms

´ Natural: carbon-rich stays of crops or different organisms

´ Chemical: minerals that crystallize from water

ChemicalClastic OrganicBiochemical

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

 Clast dimension/grain dimension  Diameter of

fragments/grains  Vary from very coarse to

very wonderful  Boulder, cobble, pebble,

sand, silt, and clay ´ Gravel: coarse-grained sediment

(cobble, pebble). ´ Mud: fine-grained (silt and clay) ´ As transport distance will increase,

grain dimension decreases.

Examples of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

Conglomerate – clasts are gravel sized or bigger.

Sandstone – clasts are sand grain sized.

Shale -clasts are the dimensions of clay grains.

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Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks

 Biochemical limestone ´ Precept compound is CaCO3

´ Kinds in heat, tropical, shallow, clear, O2-rich, marine water

´ Composed of shell particles from various neighborhood (corals, clams, oysters, snails, brachiopods, plankton, forams, cocolithophores)

Natural Sedimentary Rocks

 Manufactured from natural carbon— the mushy tissues of dwelling issues  Coal—altered stays of

fossil vegetation ´ Accumulates in lush,

tropical wetland settings

´ Requires deposition within the absence of oxygen

 Oil shale—shale with warmth altered natural matter (Kerogen)

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks  Evaporites—from evaporated seawater

´ Evaporation causes minerals to precipitate. ´ Thick deposits are the results of massive volumes of water evaporating. ´ Minerals embody halite and gypsum.

 Travertine—precipitated from groundwater ´ Happens when groundwater reaches the floor ´ CO2 expelled into the air; decreased potential to carry carbonate.

´ Evaporation can even trigger CaCO3 to precipitate. ´ Instance: thermal (sizzling) or chilly water springs and cave settings

´ In cave settings, Travertine builds up complicated progress kinds speleothems

Metamorphic Rocks

 Metamorphic rock—solid-state alteration of a protolith ´ Meta = change

´ Morphe = type

 Rocks which have been initially igneous or sedimentary and have been modified by warmth and stress

 Rearrange the crystal construction of the unique rock

 Limestone turns into marble; sandstone turns into quartzite, shale turns into slate

Metamorphic Rocks  Protoliths bear gradual solid-state modifications in:

´ Mineralogy

´ Texture

 Metamorphic modifications are because of variations in: ´ Temperature

´ Strain

´ Tectonic stresses (compression and shear)

´ Quantity of reactive water (hydrothermal fluid)

Kinds of Metamorphic Rocks

 Two main subdivisions—foliated and nonfoliated

´ Foliated—have a throughgoing planar material ´ Subjected to differential stress ´ Have a major factor of platy minerals

´ Categorised by composition, grain dimension, and foliation sort

Foliation

 Foliation—Latin folium, for leaf ´ Parallel planar surfaces or

layers in metamorphic rock

´ Offers the rock a streaked or striped look

´ Foliated rocks typically break alongside foliation planes

 As a result of ´ Most well-liked inequant mineral

orientation, or

´ Compositional banding (darkish and lightweight layers)

Foliated Metamorphic Rock

Kinds of Metamorphic Rocks

 Nonfoliated—no planar material evident ´Minerals recrystallized with out

compression or shear.

´Comprised of equant minerals solely

´Categorised by mineral composition

NonFoliated Metamorphic Rock

The Earth’s Rocks Are Recycled Slowly

 Rock cycle ´Rocks are recycled over tens of millions of years ´Erosion, melting, and metamorphism ´Slowest of the earth’s cycle processes

The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet

Minerals

´ Naturally occurring ´ Stable ´ Shaped geologically ´ Crystalline construction ´ Particular chemical ´ composition ´ Largely inorganic

28 © 2011 Pearson Training, Inc.

Mineral Courses

 Oxides (O2-) ´ Metallic cations (Fe2+, Fe3+,

Ti2+) bonded to oxygen. ´ Examples

´ Magnetite (Fe3O4)

´ Hematite (Fe2O3) ´ Rutile (TiO2)

 Halides (Cl- or F-) ´ Examples

´ Fluorite (CaF2)

´ Halite (NaCl)

29 © 2011 Pearson Training, Inc.

Mineral lessons

 Carbonates (CO32-)

´ Examples

´ Calcite (CaCO3)

´ Dolomite (Ca, Mg[CO3]2)

 Native metals

´ Pure lots of a single steel

´ Examples

´ Copper (Cu)

´ Gold (Au)

Mineral Courses

 Sulfides (S–)

´ Metallic cations bonded to a sulfide anion.

´ Examples

´ Pyrite (FeS2)

´ Galena (PbS)

 Sulfates (SO42-)

´ Metallic cation bonded to a sulfate anionic group.

´ Many sulfates type by evaporation of seawater.

´ Examples

´ Gypsum (CaSO42H2O)

´ Anhydrite (CaSO4)

Mineral Courses

´ Oxygen and Silicon are the 2 most plentiful parts within the crust.

 Silicates – Silica- Four oxygen atoms encompass a single silicon atom, forming (SiO4)Four- Every oxygen atom covalently shares 1 electron with the silicon atom, collectively filling its outermost shell.

Mineral Sources

 Naturally occurring mineral deposit

´ Concentrated

´ Will be extracted and used

´ Some are a single aspect

´ – Cu, Au, diamonds

´ Most are compounds

´ – NaCl, CaSO4

´ Metallic or nonmetallic

´ Excessive and low-grade ores

We Rely upon a Number of Nonrenewable Mineral Sources

 Ore ´Comprises worthwhile focus of

a mineral ´Could also be high-grade or low-grade

 Metallic mineral sources ´Aluminum ´Metal: a mix of iron and different

parts ´Copper ´Gold ´Molybdenum

We Rely upon a Number of Nonrenewable Mineral Sources

´ Nonmetallic mineral sources ´Sand ´Gravel ´Limestone ´Phosphate

Life Cycle of a Mineral Useful resource

 Mineral sources undergo life cycle ´ Mining

– Find and extract ´ Conversion to merchandise

– Purify helpful mineral – Manufacture product

´ Disposal or recycling – Some minerals corrode away – Metals put on via friction – Some are pollution – Metals generally are recycled

Provides of Nonrenewable Mineral Sources Can Be Economically Depleted

´ Reserves ´Recognized deposits from which we will extract the

mineral profitably at present costs ´ Financial depletion

´Happens when extraction prices greater than remaining deposits are value

´ Depletion time ´Time to make use of a sure portion (often 80%) of reserves

at a given fee of use

Provides of Nonrenewable Mineral Sources Can Be Economically Depleted

´ Choices when a useful resource turns into economically depleted ´Recycle or reuse current provides ´Waste much less ´Use much less ´Discover a substitute ´Do with out

What Are The Environmental Results of Utilizing Nonrenewable Mineral Sources?

´ Extracting minerals from the earth’s crust and changing them into helpful merchandise: ´ Disturbs the land

´ Erodes soils

´ Produces massive quantities of stable waste

´ Pollutes the air, water, and soil

Rock Cycle and Mineral Sources�
The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet
Slide Quantity three
What Are Rocks?
Igneous Rocks
Sluggish Cooling – greater minerals with distinct�crystal construction
Quick cooling – very wonderful grained, not crystalline
Intrusive vs Extrusive Rocks
Examples of Intrusive Igneous Rocks
Examples of Extrusive Igneous Rocks
Oceanic and Continental Crust
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Examples of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks
Natural Sedimentary Rocks
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
Kinds of Metamorphic Rocks
Foliation
Foliated Metamorphic Rock
Kinds of Metamorphic Rocks
NonFoliated Metamorphic Rock
The Earth’s Rocks Are Recycled Slowly
The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet
Minerals
Mineral Courses
Mineral lessons
Mineral Courses
Mineral Courses
Mineral Sources
We Rely upon a Number of Nonrenewable Mineral Sources
We Rely upon a Number of Nonrenewable Mineral Sources
Life Cycle of a Mineral Useful resource
Provides of Nonrenewable Mineral Sources Can Be Economically Depleted
Provides of Nonrenewable Mineral Sources Can Be Economically Depleted
What Are The Environmental Results of Utilizing Nonrenewable Mineral Sources?

———

Mineral Sources and the Rock Cycle

tenth lecture

The Earth Is a Altering Planet

‘Geology’ is the research of dynamic processes occurring on the earth’s floor.

in addition to its inside

‘The earth’s three main concentric zones ‘ (Inside and Outer)

The asthenosphere is a part of the mantle.

‘Crust’ refers back to the continental crust.

‘Oceanic crust: 71% of the crust

What Precisely Are Rocks?

´ Mineral ´ Naturally occurring chemical aspect or compound that exists

as a crystalline stable

´ Mineral useful resource ´ Focus that we will extract and course of into uncooked

supplies

´ Nonrenewable

´ Rock ´ Stable mixture of a number of minerals

Igneous Rocks

´ Igneous rocks ´ Igneous—“fiery inception”

´ Magma—molten rock beneath Earth’s floor

´ Lava—molten rock when it flows onto Earth’s floor

Sluggish Cooling – greater minerals with distinct crystal construction

Quick cooling – very wonderful grained, not crystalline

Intrusive vs Extrusive

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