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Posted: December 20th, 2021
Write a 2- to 3-page paper excluding the title page, reference page and Mind Map that addresses the following:
Week 2: Compensatory Mechanisms
Whether a person realizes it or not, his or her body regularly uses compensatory mechanisms such as adaptive and maladaptive responses. These compensatory mechanisms help the body respond to stressors or triggers. Perhaps you have heard a patient complain that his or her food “just didn’t go down right,” resulting in a coughing spell. Maybe you have treated a child with scabs on his or her arms and legs. These are automatic physiological responses that a person cannot control and that may sometimes result in adverse health effects, such as hives. As an advanced practice nurse, it is important that you are able to identify the root of compensatory mechanisms and underlying responses. Which compensatory mechanisms are related to which disorders? Is the presenting mechanism positive and adaptive, or is it maladaptive and in need of control? What are appropriate management strategies?
Since the physical and emotional impact of musculoskeletal, autoimmune, and integumentary disorders varies from patient to patient, associated alterations and symptoms vary as well. For this reason, you must have a solid understanding of these disorders in order to properly diagnose patients.
This week you examine compensatory mechanisms and physiological responses of disorders and the pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders. You also explore the impact of patient factors on the pathophysiology of disorders and resulting compensatory mechanisms, and the impact of patient factors on the disorders.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
Compare maladaptive and physiological responses of immune disorders
Evaluate the impact of patient factors on the pathophysiology of immune disorders
Compare the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Evaluate the impact of patient factors on arthritis
Analyze the pathophysiology of disorders
Assess adaptive responses to alterations
Evaluate clinical considerations of disorders
Understand and apply key terms, concepts, and principles related to adaptive and compensatory mechanisms
Understand and apply key terms, concepts, and principles related to alterations of the musculoskeletal, autoimmune, and integumentary systems
Photo Credit: Ariel Skelley/Blend Images/Getty IMages
Learning Resources
Required Readings
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Chapter 6, “Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing”
This chapter examines how the body responds to injury and infection by exploring the first, second, and third lines of defense. It also covers wound healing and alterations of the wound healing process.
Chapter 7, “Adaptive Immunity”
This chapter examines the third line of defense, adaptive immunity. It also covers the roles of antigens and immunogens, the humoral immune response, cell-mediated immunity, and the production of B and T lymphocytes in the immune response.
Chapter 8, “Infection and Defects in Mechanism of Defense”
This chapter covers the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of disorders resulting from infection, deficiencies in immunity, and hypersensitivity. It also examines the pathophysiology of an important immune disorder—HIV/AIDS.
Chapter 9, “Stress and Disease”
This chapter evaluates the impact of stress on various body systems and the immune system. It also examines coping mechanisms and disorders related to stress.
Chapter 10, “Biology of Cancer”
This chapter explores the developmental process of cancer and factors that impact the onset of cancer at the cellular level. It also describes various treatment options.
Chapter 11, “Cancer Epidemiology”
This chapter reviews genetic, environmental, behavioral, and diet-related risk factors for cancer. It also examines types of cancers that result from risk factors.
Chapter 12, “Cancer in Children and Adolescents”
This chapter focuses on the presentation and prognosis of childhood cancers. It examines the impact of genetic and environmental factors on these cancers.
Chapter 38, “Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System”
This chapter covers the structure and function of bones, joints, and skeletal muscle. It also explores effects of aging on the musculoskeletal system.
Chapter 39, “Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function”
This chapter examines the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and Assessment and treatment of bone, joints, and skeletal muscle disorders. Additionally, it explores musculoskeletal tumors, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Chapter 40, “Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children”
This chapter includes musculoskeletal disorders that affect children, such as congenital defects, bone infection, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, muscular dystrophy, musculoskeletal tumors, and nonaccidental trauma.
Chapter 41, “Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument”
This chapter begins with an overview of the structure and function of skin. It then covers effects of aging on skin, as well as disorders of the skin, hair, and nails.
Chapter 42, “Alterations of Integument in Children”
This chapter covers alterations of the integument that affect children. These include acne vulgaris, dermatitis, infections of the skin, insect bites and parasites, vascular disorders, and other skin disorders.
Hammer, G. D., & McPhee, S. J. (2019). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 3, “Disorders of the Immune System”
This chapter explores the anatomy and physiology of the immune system. It also explores the pathophysiology of various immune disorders such as primary immunodeficiency diseases and AIDS.
Chapter 8, “Diseases of the Skin”
This chapter begins with an overview of the anatomy and physiology of skin. It also explores the pathophysiology essay writers of various types of skin lesions and inflammatory skin diseases.
Chapter 24, “Inflammatory Rheumatic Disease”
This chapter explores the pathogenesis of inflammation and its role in rheumatic diseases. It also examines the clinical presentation, etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of rheumatic diseases such as gout and rheumatoid arthritis.
Required Media
Zimbron, J. (2008). Mind maps—Dementia, endocarditis, and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) [PDF]. Retrieved from https://monkessays.com/write-my-essay/medmaps.co.uk/beta/
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. [Image]. Used with permission of MedMaps.
This media provides examples of mind maps for dementia, endocarditis, and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Optional Resources
Arthritis Foundation. (2012). Retrieved from https://monkessays.com/write-my-essay/arthritis.org/
Lupus Foundation of America. (2012). Retrieved from https://monkessays.com/write-my-essay/lupus.org/newsite/index.html
Review the animations, case studies, and review questions on the evolve textbook support link. http://evolve.elsevier.com/huether
Assignment: Adaptive Response
As an advanced practice nurse, you will examine patients presenting with a variety of disorders. You must, therefore, understand how the body normally functions so that you can identify when it is reacting to changes. Often, when changes occur in body systems, the body reacts with compensatory mechanisms. These compensatory mechanisms, such as adaptive responses, might be signs and symptoms of alterations or underlying disorders. In the clinical setting, you use these responses, along with other patient factors, to lead you to a diagnosis.
Consider the following scenarios:
Scenario 1:
Jennifer is a 2-year-old female who presents with her mother. Mom is concerned because Jennifer has been “running a temperature” for the last 3 days. Mom says that Jennifer is usually healthy and has no significant medical history. She was in her usual state of good health until 3 days ago when she started to get fussy, would not eat her breakfast, and would not sit still for her favorite television cartoon. Since then she has had a fever off and on, anywhere between 101oF and today’s high of 103.2oF. Mom has been giving her ibuprofen, but when the fever went up to 103.2oF today, she felt that she should come in for Assessment. A physical examination reveals a height and weight appropriate 2-year-old female who appears acutely unwell. Her skin is hot and dry. The tympanic membranes are slightly reddened on the periphery, but otherwise normal in appearance. The throat is erythematous with 4+ tonsils and diffuse exudates. Anterior cervical nodes are readily palpable and clearly tender to touch on the left side. The child indicates that her throat hurts “a lot” and it is painful to swallow. Vital signs reveal a temperature of 102.8oF, a pulse of 128 beats per minute, and a respiratory rate of 24 beats per minute.
Scenario 2:
Jack is a 27-year-old male who presents with redness and irritation of his hands. He reports that he has never had a problem like this before, but about 2 weeks ago he noticed that both his hands seemed to be really red and flaky. He denies any discomfort, stating that sometimes they feel “a little bit hot,” but otherwise they feel fine. He does not understand why they are so red. His wife told him that he might have an allergy and he should get some steroid cream. Jack has no known allergies and no significant medical history except for recurrent ear infections as a child. He denies any traumatic injury or known exposure to irritants. He is a maintenance engineer in a newspaper building and admits that he often works with abrasive solvents and chemicals. Normally he wears protective gloves, but lately they seem to be in short supply so sometimes he does not use them. He has exposed his hands to some of these cleaning fluids, but says that it never hurt and he always washed his hands when he was finished.
Scenario 3:
Martha is a 65-year-old woman who recently retired from her job as an administrative Helpant at a local hospital. Her medical history is significant for hypertension, which has been controlled for years with hydrochlorothiazide. She reports that lately she is having a lot of trouble sleeping, she occasionally feels like she has a “racing heartbeat,” and she is losing her appetite. She emphasizes that she is not hungry like she used to be. The only significant change that has occurred lately in her life is that her 87-year-old mother moved into her home a few years ago. Mom had always been healthy, but she fell down a flight of stairs and broke her hip. Her recovery was a difficult one, as she has lost a lot of mobility and independence and needs to rely on her daughter for Helpance with activities of daily living. Martha says it is not the retirement she dreamed about, but she is an only child and is happy to care for her mother. Mom wakes up early in the morning, likes to bathe every day, and has always eaten 5 small meals daily. Martha has to put a lot of time into caring for her mother, so it is almost a “blessing” that Martha is sleeping and eating less. She is worried about her own health though and wants to know why, at her age, she suddenly needs less sleep.
To Prepare
Review the three scenarios, as well as Chapter 6 in the Huether and McCance text.
Identify the pathophysiology of the disorders presented in each of the three scenarios, including their associated alterations. Consider the adaptive responses to the alterations.
Review the examples of “Mind Maps—Dementia, Endocarditis, and Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)” media in this week’s Learning Resources. Then select one of the disorders you identified from the scenarios. Use the examples in the media as a guide to construct a mind map for the disorder you selected. Consider the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of the disorder, as well as any adaptive responses to alterations.
Review the Application Assignment Rubric found under Course Information
To Complete
Write a 2- to 3-page paper excluding the title page, reference page and Mind Map that addresses the following:
For each of the three scenarios explain the pathophysiology, associated alterations and the patients’ adaptive responses to the alterations caused by the disease processes. You are required to discuss all three scenarios within the paper component of this assignment.
Construct one mind map on a selected disorder presented in one of the scenarios. Your Mind Map must include the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of the disorder, as well as any adaptive responses to alterations.
By Day 7
This Assignment is due.
Note: The School of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/57.htm). All papers submitted must use this formatting
Submission and Grading Information
To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:
Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK2Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
Click the Week 2 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
Click the Week 2 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “WK2Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.
Grading Criteria
To access your rubric:
Week 2 Assignment Rubric
Check Your Assignment Draft for Authenticity
To check your Assignment draft for authenticity:
Submit your Week 2 Assignment draft and review the originality report.
Submit Your Assignment by Day 7
To submit your Assignment:
Week 2 Assignment
Quiz
This week’s Quiz covers the content you have explored this week. The Quiz may include the following topics:
Adaptive and maladaptive responses
Cancers across the lifespan
Immune disorders
Stress
Atopic dermatitis
Autoimmune disorders—inflammatory bowel disease, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis
Dermatitis
Fibromyalgia
Fungal infections of the skin
Sample Essay Solution
Advanced Pathophysiology.
Normal functioning of the body is altered due to a viral or bacterial infection. The case of Jennifer is a clear example that her physiological functions have changed. The first reaction of the body to the infection is a fever. She is experiencing a running temperature which has gone up to 103.2oF. Children record around 98.6oF which is a normal temperature. A fever is used by the body to stimulate defense mechanisms and make the body an uncomfortable place for the germs (Huether & McCance, 2017). Therefore, fever is a clear indicator that there is an underlying infection that should be treated immediately. However, in some cases, children experience a mild fever during the teething process. The fever is also responsible for the discomfort which makes Jennifer fussy.
The mother administered ibuprofen to her daughter. The drug has side effects such as dizziness which is the reason why the child cannot sit still to watch her favorite cartoon program. It is also responsible for decreased appetite. The baby should desire food, but the body responds to the illness or the drug by minimizing the appetite (Hammer & McPhee, 2019). The medical treatment should thus focus on helping the child to recover from the illness to avoid dehydration, constipation and general body weakness. The child has a hot and dry skin which is an indicator that the body is fighting off an infection. The hot skin shows the temperature is high while the dryness could be a sign of losing excess moisture during the fever (Guzik & Touyz, 2017). Erythematous throat means that it is puffy, red, swollen with white spots and painful. In normal conditions, the throat is smooth, pink in color and smooth in texture. The difference in appearance shows the body is reacting to an infection.
Jack, a maintenance engineer, has skin irritation after he was exposed to cleaning fluids. He denies any exposure to irritant chemicals and any discomfort, but it is evident his skin is reacting to the chemicals using adaptive responses. When the skin is exposed to foreign components it reacts by fighting off the chemicals. The immune system responds by releasing cytokines to promote healing (Rowley, Shulman & Orenstein, 2017). They are released since the chemicals harm the epidermal cells. For example, Jack has a flaky skin which is not the normal condition of the skin. The flaky condition is due to the chemicals that interfere with the skin oil that keep it moisturized. Cleaning soaps and abrasive solvents are examples of chemicals that can interfere with skin oil. The redness of the skin shows the epidermal cells have been damaged. As a result the blood is not flowing freely thus causing it to turn red and hot. The adaptive responses are meant to counter the effects of the chemicals that have penetrated the skin after destroying the protective lipid layer (Rowley, Shulman & Orenstein, 2017). Therefore, Jack should always wear protective gloves to ensure he does not expose the skin to chemicals.
Martha is a retired administrative Helpant at a local hospital. She is currently taking care of her sick mother. Her body is responding to the various internal changes through adaptive responses (Jakasa, Thyssen & Kezic, 2018). The woman has a significant history of hypertension. The condition makes her heart to run faster. She has been taking hydrochlorothiazide to treat the condition. The body responds to the presence of hydrochlorothiazide in the body by lowering the level of appetite. Therefore, Martha is experiencing loss of appetite due to the side effects of her medication. The drug is also known to cause lack of sufficient sleep by interfering with the sleep patterns (Jakasa, Thyssen & Kezic, 2018). The drug is a diuretic that causes the woman to keep urinating frequently at night. Hypertension condition could also be worsening due to the age of the patient. She is over 65 years and age which boosts the risk for hypertension. The high blood pressure is due to structural changes that occur in the arteries. Martha is also expressing adaptive responses that trigger the body to remain restless at night (Huether & McCance, 2017). Additionally, her nature of work has changed over time since she is now taking care of her sick mother. She is all alone and has to run a number of errands daily.
Conclusion
The body is in a normal condition when it is a free or viral or bacterial infection. However, when it is infected it has adaptive responses that are meant to fight off the disease. For example, in the case of Jennifer she is experiencing a fever due to the mechanism of keeping the body uncomfortable for the germs. Other parts that have changed as a result of the illness include the throat whose color has changed and it remains painful. In the second scenario, Jack has exposed his hands to chemicals that are causing the skins to be red, irritated and flaky. Martha is also taking a drug which is affecting her sleeping patterns. The adaptive responses are natural and automatic triggers used by the body to counter a possible illness.
Figure 1.1 shows hypertension mind map
References
Guzik, T. J., & Touyz, R. M. (2017). Vascular pathophysiology of hypertension. The ESC Textbook of Vascular Biology, 291.
Hammer, G. D., & McPhee, S. J. (2019). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Jakasa, I., Thyssen, J. P., & Kezic, S. (2018). The role of the skin barrier in occupational contact dermatitis. Experimental Dermatology, 27(8), 909-914.
Rowley, A. H., Shulman, S. T., & Orenstein, J. M. (2017). Pathophysiology of Kawasaki Disease. In Kawasaki Disease, 39-44. Springer, Tokyo.
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