Posted: December 20th, 2021

Assignment: Asthma

Assignment: Asthma
Complications of asthma can be sudden. Consider the case of Bradley Wilson, a young boy who had several medical conditions. He appeared in good health when he went to school, returned home, and ate dinner. However, when he later went outside to play, he came back inside wheezing. An ambulance took him to the hospital where he was pronounced dead (Briscoe, 2012). In another case, 10-year-old Dynasty Reese, who had mild asthma, woke up in the middle of the night and ran to her grandfather’s bedroom to tell him she couldn’t breathe. By the time paramedics arrived, she had passed out and was pronounced dead at the hospital (Glissman, 2012). These situations continue to outline the importance of recognizing symptoms of asthma and providing immediate treatment, as well as distinguishing minor symptoms from serious, life-threatening symptoms. Since these symptoms and attacks are often induced by a trigger, as an advanced practice nurse, you must be able to help patients identify their triggers and recommend appropriate treatment options. For this reason, you need to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation.
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To prepare:
• Review “Asthma” in Chapter 27 of the Huether and McCance text. Identify the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation. Consider how these disorders are similar and different.
• Select a patient factor different from the one you selected in this week’s Discussion: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior. Think about how the factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of both disorders. Reflect on how you would diagnose and prescribe treatment of these disorders for a patient based on the factor you selected.
• Review the “Mind maps—Dementia, Endocarditis, and Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)” media in the Week 2 Learning Resources. Use the examples in the media as a guide to construct two mind maps—one for chronic asthma and one for acute asthma exacerbation. Consider the epidemiology and clinical presentation of both chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation.

Main Post
Write a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following:
• Describe the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation. Be sure to explain the changes in the arterial blood gas patterns during an exacerbation.
• Explain how the factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of both disorders. Describe how you would diagnose and prescribe treatment for a patient based on the factor you selected.
• Construct two mind maps—one for chronic asthma and one for acute asthma exacerbation. Include the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation, as well as the diagnosis and treatment you explained in your paper.

This is how the Discussion post should be Presented
Title of Post Here
Brief introduction is needed.
Use Headings Related to Each Topic to Discuss
Now you can write 8-10 statements about the topic here. Be sure to add support throughout!
Continue to Use Headings to Discuss Each Topic
Continue to address the next topic. Be sure to use good transition statements as you proceed. As always, bring in support from learning resources, course video, and reliable outside sources. Be sure to format properly within content of post.
Please Address all the questions in the assignment.
Summary
Summarize main points presented in post Aim for 5 sentences in summary. Do not introduce anything new in a summary.
References
Be sure to list references in alphabetical order per APA. See common reference list examples in Writing Center resources on how to cite properly in APA various resources such as books, journal articles,and more.
As an FYI, sometimes copy and paste takes away the hanging indents. No worrries as this is a Blackboard issue that all faculty members are aware of and points will not be taken off for such cases.

IMPORTANT INFORMATION
In-text citations should match the references
Please use only Peer-Reviewed articles of not longer than 5 years old
Please Use Proper APA formatting in the discussion.
Please Use at least 3 References.
HERE ARE THE RESOURCES TO USE FOR THE ASSIGNMENT.
Resources
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

• Chapter 26, “Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System”

This chapter provides information relating to the structure and function of the pulmonary system to illustrate normal pulmonary function. It focuses on gas transport to build the foundation for examining alterations of pulmonary function.

• Chapter 27, “Alterations of Pulmonary Function”

This chapter examines clinical manifestations of pulmonary alterations and disorders of the chest wall and pleura. It covers the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, Assessment, and treatment of obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.

• Chapter 28, “Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children”

This chapter focuses on alterations of pulmonary function that affect children. These alterations include disorders of the upper and lower airways.
Hammer, G. G. , & McPhee, S. (2014). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine. (7th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

• Chapter 9, “Pulmonary Disease”

This chapter begins with an overview of normal structure and function of the lungs to provide a foundation for examining various lung diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Required Media

Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012e). Mid-course review. Baltimore, MD: Author.

This media is an interactive mid-course review covering course content.

Optional Resources

American Lung Association. (2012). Retrieved from https://monkessays.com/write-my-essay/lung.org/

Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America. (2012). Retrieved from https://monkessays.com/write-my-essay/aafa.org

Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. (2012). Retrieved from https://monkessays.com/write-my-essay/cff.org/

Pathophysiology of Asthma
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Introduction
Asthma is a respiratory disease which causes the narrowing and inflammation of the airways and affects the airflow in the lungs (Huether & McCance, 2017). Currently, asthma is among the leading cause of death amongst children in the US. Although the symptoms of asthma can remain unnoticed for long, the remodeling and inflammatory processes usually affect the bronchial milieu and thus leading to frequent clinical manifestations. At a young age, children are usually prone to the asthma menace due to their ongoing maturation and alteration of key biological systems in their bodies (Huether & McCance, 2017). Asthma exacerbations occur due to a response to environmental exposure. There are two primary types of asthma; chronic and acute asthma. In the US, asthma is the most chronic illness amongst kids affecting nearly 5 million kids per year (Zahran, Bailey, Damon, Garbe, & Breysse, 2018). The mortality rate of asthma has always been increasing as a result of increasing climate change which is attributed to the presence of chemical pathogens in the air.
Chronic and Acute Asthma
Acute or mild asthma also referred to as allergic or averse asthma is usually prompted by allergens such as pollen, dust or smoke amongst others (Huether & McCance, 2017). When an individual has an allergy is exposed to these allergens, the mast cells, situated underneath the mucosa cells in the lower air paths of the breathing system, are activated. The initiation of these cells causes the discharge of granules which usually stimulate the muffled epithelium to generate mucus and also cause the smooth muscles within the airways to contract subsequently. As a result of the contraction of smooth muscles, wheezing takes place. As asserted by Lunding et al., (2017), acute asthma causes the respiratory failure in which one of the gas exchange functions; carbon dioxide elimination and oxygenation may fail. Acute asthma is depicted by the tension of arterial oxygen which is lower than 60mm Hg and also normal or low tension of arterial carbon dioxide (Huether & McCance, 2017). The symptoms of acute asthma include coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. The risk factors towards acute asthma include; suffering from another chronic diseases problems, using more than two inhalers per month, smoking, having a cold, and also getting in contact with the triggers (Cushny, 2013).
Chronic asthma, on the other hand, is not initiated by substance or allergens but occurs due to the inflammation emanating from mild or acute asthma (Huether & McCance, 2017). The impacts of mild asthma leads to chronic asthma in the long run which makes the epithelium producing mucous to become highly sensitive to environmental reactions. Thus, simple ecological substances such as pollen or smoke can trigger the hypersensitive cells in the epithelium to generate large quantities of mucous thus causing constriction (Murray, Foden, Sumner, Shepley, Custovic, & Simpson, 2017). This type of asthma necessitates for quick medical attention or else can cause death. Chronic asthma is characterized by an arterial carbon dioxide tension of over 50mm Hg with low or normal arterial oxygen tension (Huether & McCance, 2017). The mitigation strategies against the menace are mandatory in order to reduce the mortality and morbidity of asthma.
Age is the core contributing factor to asthma prevalence. In the US, most of the reported case of asthma is the kids. This prevalence is primarily attributed to the environmental degradation taking place; pollution, tobacco, and smoke from traffic cars (Chavasse & Kerr, 2016). Since the kids have their respiratory system still developing, they are more prevalent with asthma. In diagnosing asthma, a physical examination is mandatory. The family history is then accessed to see any linkage. After this, the doctor uses a spirometer to test the lungs (Chavasse & Kerr, 2016). To ensure treatment for kids, they are administered with oxygen, inhale beta-2 agonists, and also issued with corticosteroids. The kids are then given the right procedure on how to avoid the allergens which cause the exacerbation.
Conclusion
Acute asthma leads to chronic asthma if not prevented or mitigated at early stages. Age is the major factor attributed to the global menace of asthma with kids being the highly affected group. Prevention is the best measure to curb against asthma outcomes. Children should be taught on how to evade the allergens in the environment. In case of an asthma attack, a person should be given medical attention as quickly as possible.

Mind Map Acute Asthma

Mind Map Chronic Asthma

Reference
Chavasse, R. J., & Kerr, M. (2016). Asthma in children. Medicine, 44(5), 281-286.
Cushny, A. (2013). Acute asthma exacerbation. Nursing Standard (through 2013), 27(52), 59.
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Lunding, L., Orinska, Z., Vock, C., Fehrenbach, H., & Wegmann, M. (2017). Exacerbation of experimental asthma depends on IL-6 but not on IL-23 or RORγt.
Murray, C. S., Foden, P., Sumner, H., Shepley, E., Custovic, A., & Simpson, A. (2017). Preventing severe asthma exacerbations in children. A randomized trial of mite-impermeable bedcovers. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 196(2), 150-158.
Zahran, H. S., Bailey, C. M., Damon, S. A., Garbe, P. L., & Breysse, P. N. (2018). Vital Signs: Asthma in Children—United States, 2001–2016. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(5), 149.

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