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Posted: December 20th, 2021
Advanced Pharmacology The scenario is of a patient aged 64 years and is suffering from a rare skin disease
As an advanced practice nurse Helping physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders, it is important to not only understand the impact of disorders on the body, but also the impact of drug treatments on the body. The relationships between drugs and the body can be described by pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to the drug through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, whereas pharmacodynamics describes what the drug does to the body.
When selecting drugs and determining dosages for patients, it is essential to consider individual patient factors that might impact the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. These patient factors include genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, behavior (i.e., diet, nutrition, smoking, alcohol, illicit drug abuse), and/or pathophysiological changes due to disease.
For this Discussion, you reflect on a case from your past clinical experiences and consider how a patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes may alter his or her response to a drug.
To Prepare
Review the Resources for this module and consider the principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Reflect on your experiences, observations, and/or clinical practices from the last 5 years and think about how pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors altered his or her anticipated response to a drug.
Consider factors that might have influenced the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes, such as genetics (including pharmacogenetics), gender, ethnicity, age, behavior, and/or possible pathophysiological changes due to disease.
Think about a personalized plan of care based on these influencing factors and patient history in your case study.
Post a description of the patient case from your experiences, observations, and/or clinical practice from the last 5 years. Then, describe factors that might have influenced pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of the patient you identified. Finally, explain details of the personalized plan of care that you would develop based on influencing factors and patient history in your case. Be specific and provide examples.
Content is very important to me, so I want you to make sure that your posts and writings for assignments are substantial and are from credible sources (i.e., textbook, publications, etc.). Sources such as drugs.com, Medscape.com, etc., can be used, but they CANNOT be the only sources you have. The latter are set up as information sites only and will not always be accurate. In your discussions, as well as assignments, you should be focusing on the medication parts of the assignment. This is a pharmacology class, so I want you to be researching how the disease is treated, why those treatments the best for the specific disease state, what complications come from treatment, how to avert possible problems with treatment, how to deal with comorbidities during treatments, etc. This is not all inclusive, but some of the things I want you to be thinking about. This will help ensure that you will get the most out of this class and sharpen your reasoning skills as to why certain treatments are used once you are in practice. ust because a Discussion post is longer, does not mean it is better in my estimation. I want you to be able to find the correct information and efficiently write your thoughts and opinions. References nothing less than 5 years.
Sample Assignment
Advanced Pharmacology
The scenario is of a patient aged 64 years and is suffering from a rare skin disease. The experience within the last five years with various patients has been interesting. The reason is that patients have different levels of responding to drugs. The interesting experiences comprise of both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics processes. Other patients with similar diseases have different reactions. The differences between the two sets of patients are the age. The younger patients have a high rate of absorption compared to the old patient.
The factors that influence pharmacokinetic are due to the significant changes that occur among the elderly. Aging results in the reduced renal elimination of drug substances in the body (Heise, Pieber, Danne, Erichsen & Haahr, 2017). Creatinine decreases significantly among people who are above 40 years. The change is due to the reduced performance of the organs at old age. On the other hand, pharmacodynamics processes are affected significantly with age (Cebers et al., 2017). The changes are due to the reduced performance of Central Nervous System (CNS) which reduced the sensitivity of the body to opioids and anesthetics (Stott & Hope, 2017). Additionally, Jones et al. (2015) the drug-receptor interaction also change among the elderly. Therefore, in the case of the 64-year-old patient, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes are affected significantly.
The personalized plan for the elderly patient will comprise of changing the mode of administering the drugs (Vellonen et al., 2018). Administering drugs through the stomach can inhibit fast absorption. For example, fast absorption can be enhanced by injecting the drugs directly to the veins. The personalized plan can also include changing the medication to include personalized drugs that are customized for the elderly.
References
Cebers, G., Alexander, R. C., Haeberlein, S. B., Han, D., Goldwater, R., Ereshefsky, L., … & Maltby, J. (2017). AZD3293: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects in healthy subjects and patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 55(3), 1039-1053.
Heise, T., Pieber, T. R., Danne, T., Erichsen, L., & Haahr, H. (2017). A pooled analysis of clinical pharmacology trials investigating the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of fast-acting insulin as part in adults with type 1 diabetes. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 56(5), 551-559.
Jones, H. M., Chen, Y., Gibson, C., Heimbach, T., Parrott, N., Peters, S. A., … & Hall, S. D. (2015). Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in drug discovery and development: a pharmaceutical industry perspective. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 97(3), 247-262.
Stott, K. E., & Hope, W. W. (2017). Therapeutic drug monitoring for invasive mold infections and disease: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 72(suppl_1), i12-i18.
Vellonen, K. S., Hellinen, L., Mannermaa, E., Ruponen, M., Urtti, A., & Kidron, H. (2018). Expression, activity and pharmacokinetic impact of ocular transporters. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 126, 3-22.
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